• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 한국작물학회 2019년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.5-5
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• 2019

The objectives of this paper are (i) to analyze past trends and future directions of rice production, consumption and trade across the world and (ii) to discuss emerging challenges and future directions in the global rice industry. Rice is a staple food of over half of the world's 7.7 billion people. It is an important economic, social, political, and cultural commodity in most Asian countries. Rice is the $1^{st}$ most widely consumed, $2^{nd}$ largely produced, and $3^{rd}$ most widely grown food crop in the world. It was cultivated by 144 million farms in over 100 countries with harvested area of over 163 million ha producing about 745 million tons paddy in 2018. About 90% of the total rice is produced in Asia. China and India, the biggest rice producers, account for over half of the world's rice production. Between 1960 and 2018, world rice production increased over threefold from 221 to 745 million tons (2.1% per year) due to area expansion from 120 to 163 million ha (0.5% per year) and paddy yield increase from 1.8 to 4.6 t/ha (1.6% per year). The Green Revolution led massive increase in rice production prevented famines, provided food for millions of people, reduced poverty and hunger, and improved livelihoods of millions of Asians. The future increase in rice production must come from yield increase as the scope for area expansion is limited. Rice is the most widely consumed food crop. The world's average per capita milled rice consumption is 64 kilograms providing 19% of daily calories. Asia accounted for 84% of global consumption followed by Africa (7%), South America (3%), and the Middle East (2%). Asia's per capita rice consumption is 100 kilograms per year providing 28% of daily calories. The global and Asian per capita consumption increased from the 1960s to the 1990s but stable afterward. The per capita rice consumption is expected to decline in Asia but increase outside Asia especially in Africa in the future. The total milled rice consumption was about 490 million tons in 2018 and projected to reach 550 million tons by 2030 and 590 million tons by 2040. Rice is thinly traded in international market because it is a highly protected commodity. Only about 9% of the total production is traded in global rice market. However, the volume of global rice trade has increased over six-fold from 7.5 to 46.5 million tons between the 1960s and 2018. A relatively small number of exporting countries interact with a large number of importing countries. The top five rice exporting countries are India, Thailand, Vietnam, Pakistan, and China accounting for 74% of the global rice export. The top five rice importing countries are China, Philippines, Nigeria, European Union and Saudi Arabia accounting for 26% of the global rice import. Within rice varieties, Japonica rice accounts for the highest share of the global rice trade (about 12%) followed by Basmati rice (about 10%). The high concentration of exports to a few countries makes international rice market vulnerable to supply disruptions in exporting countries, leading to higher world prices of rice. The export price of Thai 5% broken rice increased from 198 US$/ton in 2000 to 421 US$/ton in 2018. The volumes of trade and rice prices in the global market are expected to increase in the future. The major future challenges of the rice industry are increasing demand due to population growth, rising demand in Africa, economic growth and diet diversification, competition for natural resources (land and water), labor scarcity, climate change and natural hazards, poverty and inequality, hunger and malnutrition, urbanization, low income in rice farming, yield saturation, aging of farmers, feminization of agriculture, health and environmental concerns, improving value chains, and shifting donor priorities away from agriculture. At the same time, new opportunities are available due to access to new technologies, increased investment by the private sector, and increased global partnership. More investment in rice research and development is needed to develop and disseminate innovative technologies and practices to overcome problems and ensure food and nutrition security of the future population.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.744-748
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the incorporation effect of green manure crops (GMC) such as the hairy vetch on improvement of soil environment in reclaimed land during sorghum${\times}$sudangrass hybrid (SSH) cultivation over the past three years from 2009 to 2011. Plots consisted of conventional fertilization (CF) and incorporation of GMC were divided by rates of additional nitrogen fertilizer ($100kg\;ha^{-1}$) and decreased percentage of 30 50 70 100 fertilization in addition to non nitrogen fertilization (NNF). Soil physico-chemical properties, growth and yield potential were examined. The results were as follows. The testing soil was showed strong alkaline saline soil with low organic matter contents and less available phosphate while exchangeable sodium and magnesium were higher. Soil salinity was increased during cultivation of summer crop. However, SSH was not affected by salt content. The fresh weight of GMC at incorporation time was $18,345kg\;ha^{-1}$. Content of total nitrogen at incorporation time was 3.09% and the C/N ratio was 12.8. Fresh and dry matter yield of SSH were higher in the order of 30%, CF, N50%, N70%d, N100%, and NNF. Fresh and dry matter yield of SSH increased in the order of CF ($55,050kg\;ha^{-1}$, $16,250kg\;ha^{-1}$), N contents from 30% to 9%. Soil physical properties, such as bulk density were decrease with incoporation of GMC, while porosity was increased. Soil chemical properties, such as pH was decreased while content of exchangeable calcium, available phosphate, and organic matter were increased. Also contents of exchangeable sodium and potassium were decreased with incorporation of GMC than those before experiment. Thus, we assumed that incorporation of hairy vetch was more effective that can lead to reduce chemical nitrogen fertilizer and to improve soil environment in cultivating SSH on Saemangeum reclaimed land.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.53-63
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• 1978

The object of this study is to clarify the varietal resistance to green leaf-and planthoppers and to evaluate the nature of the resistance to the insects in connection with the antibiosis. This study investigated the reaction of the 46 rice varieties to insects including recommended varieties of Korea. At seedling stage they were infested with second or third instar nymphs. The results were as follows. 1. The body weight of brown planthopper was increased more than 3 times on susceptible rice variety Mankyung at 15 days after infestation but only 2 times on resistant mudgo. 2. The mortaliy of the brown planthopper was significantly different between resistant and susceptible rice plant, showing 74 percents in resistant Mudgo while 31.2 percents in susceptible Mankyung at 15 days after caging. 3. Most of the rice varieties tested showed highly susceptible reaction to brown planthopper except Mudgo, KR 108-243-1 and HR 529-41-3-2 as resistant varieties, and Akamochi, Satominori, IR 24 and IR 8 as moderately susceptible ones. 4. In the test of varietal resistance to white-backed planthhopper, Mudgo, KR 108-243-1, KR 109-154-2 and HR 529-45-2 and HR 529-45-3-2 were resistant, and Suweon #82, Tongil, IR 8, Palkeum, Iri #309, Hokwang and Chukoku #31 were moderatly susceptible. 5. Most of the varieties tested were observed as highly resistant to green rice leafhopper, but Tongil, Suweon 82, IR 24, Milsung and Chukoku #31 were moderatly susceptible. 6. The new bred lines HR 108-243-1 are multi-resistant to brown planthopper, green rice leafhopper and White-backed planthopper, and some others showed moderate susceptibility.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• 제62권4호
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• pp.75-86
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to develop a technology for estimating rice growth and damage effect according to bacterial leaf blight using UAV multi-spectral imagery. For this purpose, we analyzed the change of aerial images, rice growth factors (plant height, dry weight, LAI) and disease effects according to disease occurrence by using UAV images for 3 rice varieties (Milyang23, Sindongjin-byeo, Saenuri-byeo) from 2017 to 2018. The correlation between vegetation index and rice growth factor during vegetative growth period showed a high value of 0.9 or higher each year. As a result of applying the growth estimation model built in 2017 to 2018, the plant height of Milyang23 showed good error withing 10%. However, it is considered that studies to improve the accuracy of other items are needed. Fixed wing unmanned aerial photographs were also possible to estimate the damage area after 2 to 4 weeks from inoculation. Although sensing data in the multi-spectral (Blue, Green, Red, NIR) band have limitations in early diagnosis of rice disease, for rice varieties such as Milyang23 and Sindongjin-byeo, it was possible to construct the equation of infected leaf area ratio and rice yield estimation using UAV imagery in early and mid-September with high correlation coefficient of 0.8 to 0.9. The results of this study are expected to be useful for farming and policy support related to estimating rice growth, rice plant disease and yield change based on UAV images.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.318-324
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• 2000

Field experiment was conducted on a sandy clay loam paddy field in the Experimental Farm of the Kangwon National University for four years from 1995 to 1998 to evaluate the effect of different nitrogen fertilizers on soil property and rice yield. The size of each experimental plot was 75 m2. Basal application of fertilizer to the paddy field was on late April, and rice (cv. Odae) was sown with drill seeding on early May. Irrigation was done at 3 leaf stages after rice seeding. Electrical conductivity in soils treated with phosphate- and resin coated slow release fertilizers were relatively greater than those of the other fertilizer application. Available $P_2O_5$ concentration in soils after rice harvest increased significantly compared that in soil before field trial. Rice yield in transplanting culture were $6.516kg\;ha^{-1}$. The rice yield in the direct seeded paddy was 81.9 percents of the yield in the transplanted paddy. The rice yield in phosphate coated slow release fertilizer was the highest among various fertilizer trials in directly seeded dry paddy, while rice yield was the lowest in the organic fertilizer plus urea application. Rice yield between organic fertilizer plus urea and organic fertilizer application were not significantly different. The green manuring effect of rye in the direct seeded rice paddy in Chuncheon was low due to low temperature and short growth period.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.521-527
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• 1998

Removabilities of heavy metals(Cd and Pb) by the tea materials (barley-tea, corn-tea, jasmin-tea, brown rice-green tea, black-tea, cassia tora-tea, persimmon peel-tea, and rice-tea) in the tea-water were studied in the various conditions ; particle size of tea (20, 40, 70 mesh), concentration of heavy metal (25, 50, 100 ppm) and extraction temperature(20, 30, 50, 100$^{\circ}C$). The removabilities by the tea solids were increased as the particle size decreased, concentration of heavy metal increased, and extracting temperature increased. Of the nine kinds of tea, Cd and Pb removability by jasmin-tea was highest. In addition, heavy metal removability by cassia tora tea was better than that of other tea as extraction temperature was increased.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 한국작물학회 2019년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.172-172
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• 2019

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.159-164
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• 2007

The viable cell of 60% drinking water among 25 drinking water served in restaurant of Daegu district showed above 100 CFU/mL which is sanitary standard of drinking water. The 50 CEO of restaurant considered drinking water served in their own restaurant as just safe and were very deficient in aware of sanitation about drinking water. Sensory quality of drinking water boiled with plant materials, such as barley, Cassia semen, corn, Buckwheat, Korean solomon's seal, Chamomile, Brown rice-green and peppermint was improved in color, taste, flavor and overall acceptability compare to marketed drinking water, respectively. Especially drinking water boiled with Korean solomon's seal was the best In overall acceptability. The number of total bacteria reached above $10^2 CFU/mL$ in marketed drinking water after 4 days storage at 10. But the growth of microorganism did not occur in boiled drinking water with Brown rice-green tea, Korean solomon's seal, barley, Cassia semen and com during storage for 10 days at $10^{\circ}C$, respectively. The number of total bacteria reached above $10^2 CFU/mL$ in marketed drinking water after storage for 1 days at $25^{\circ}C$. The growth of microorganism was accelerated in boiled drinking water with corn, Korean solomon's seal, barley, Cassia semen except Brown rice-green tea during storage far 10 days at $25^{\circ}C$, respectively.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.23-29
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• 1995

Calli were induced from leaf base region of germinated rice(Oryza sativa L. cv. Nakdong) with high frequency of up to 65% on LS medium supplemented with $2.5mg/{\ell}2$, 4-D in the dark at $27^{\circ}C$. Embryogenic calli of pale yellow, globular type were selected and used for the initiation of cell suspension cultures in AA2 liquid medium with $2mg/\ell$ 2,4-D, 0.2mg/$\ell$ kinetin arid $0.1mg/\ell$ GA3. Protoplasts were isolated from the embryogenic cell suspensions after 4 months of culture and then were electroporated with 400V/cm for 1 msec. Electroporated protoplasts divided with plating efficiency of 1.1% on PCM liquid medium supplemented with $2.5mg/\ell$ 2, 4-D, $0.1mg/\ell$ kinetin and 10mM proline. The protoplasts-derived microcalli were cultured on $0.2{\mu}m$ membrane fitter placed onto LS2.5 solid medium containing fine suspension cells as a feeder cells, for 2 weeks in the dark at $27^{\circ}C$. After an additional 2 weeks of culture under fluorescent light of $30{\pm}/3{\mu}E$.m^{-2}S^{-1}, yellow calli of 2mm diameter were transferred to regeneration medium. Shoots were produced from the green spot of protoplasts-derived calli and plants were regenerated form protoplast-derived green calli with frequencies of 11∼33%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• 제42권11호
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• pp.1805-1812
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• 2013

The quality and sensory characteristics of Misutkarus, made from immature-whole green rice (IWGR) and barley (IWGB), and their cookies were assessed. Misutkarus of IWGR and IWGB showed a significantly higher water absorption index and viscosity, as well as higher hydrolysis rate by ${\alpha}$-amylase, resulting in higher amount of reducing sugar than those of mature brown rice and barley. The cookies made with 30% Misutkarus of IWGR and IWGB showed harder texture, lower spread ratio, darker and more reddish color than cookies with 100% wheat flour (control). For sensory evaluation, the beverage was prepared by mixing Misutkarus, milk and honey, and the beverages of IWGR and IWGB could not provide acceptable sensory quality due to reduced nutty taste and stronger greenish aroma. However, when added to prepare cookies, 30% Misutkarus of IWGB imparted the favorable taste, aroma, texture and overall preference by presenting no significantly different sensory characteristics with wheat flour.