• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of farming methods on mass balance from paddy rice. The experiment fields were established at Chunpo-myeon, Iksan-si in the Saemangeum watershed. Experiment was performed during the growing season to assess water and mass balances of the study field in 2013. The three different farming practices were applied: conventional (TR-A), drainage outlet heighten (TR-B) and slow release fertilizer use (TR-C). Drainage amount from TR-B was reduced by 28.5 % compared to the TR-A, while the amount from TR-C was similar to that of TR-A. Overall, nutrient concentration of paddy water were similar among the treatments except for T-P. Mean T-P concentration from TR-C was lower than that from TR-A (p-value<0.05). As the results of mass balance, TR-B appeared to reduce nutrient surface loss, substantially by 30.9 % and 40.8 % for T-N and T-P an compared to TR-A. TR-C treatment also demonstrated nutrient load reduction by 38.2 % and 40.1 % for T-N and T-P. The study results showed that water and fertilizer treatments are effective in surface load reduction respectively from paddy fields, and, long-term monitoring and evaluation is needed to confirm the reduction.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.111-118
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• 2007

Global warming crisis due primarily to continued green house gas emission requires impending change to renewable alternative energy than continuously depending on exhausting fossil fuels. Bioenergy including biodiesel and bioethanol are considered good alternatives because of their renewable and sustainable nature. Bioethanol is currently being produced by using sucrose from sugar beet, grain starches or lignocellulosic biomass as sources of ethanol fermentation. However, grain production requires significant amount of fossil fuel inputs during agricultural practices, which means less competitive in reducing the level of green house gas emission. By contrast, cellulosic bioethanol can use naturally-growing, not-for-food biomass as a source of ethanol fermentation. In this respect, cellulosic ethanol than grain starch ethanol is considered a more appropriate as a alternative renewable energy. However, commercialization of cellulosic ethanol depends heavily on technology development. Processes such as securing enough biomass optimized for economic processing, pretreatment technology for better access of polymer-hydrolyzing enzymes, saccharification of recalcitrant lignocellulosic materials, and simultaneous fermentation of different sugars including 6-carbon glucose as well as 5-carbon xylose or arabinose waits for greater improvement in technologies. Although it seems to be a long way to go until commercialization, it should broadly benefit farmers with novel source of income, environment with greener and reduced level of global warming, and national economy with increased energy security. Mission-oriented strategies for cellulosic ethanol development participated by government funding agency and different disciplines of sciences and technologies should certainly open up a new era of renewable energy.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.418-422
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• 1984

In order to determine the removal efficiency of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables by washing processes, samples of lettuce, young Chinese radish, Chinese cabbage, green red pepper, strawberry and grape were artificially contaminated with malathion and washed according to the household practices. After three times washings with water, the remaining ratios of malathion residues in grape, green red pepper, strawberry, young Chinese radish, lettuce and Chinese cabbage were 9.7%, 25.2%, 28.0%, 29.7%, 38.9% and 57.5%, respectively. After washing with detergent solution followed by two times rinsing with water, the remaining ratios of malathion residues in the same food samples were 1.6%, 8.3%, 15.8%, 24.8%, 27.2% and 45.9%, respectively. The removal efficiency of malathion by detergent washing was significantly higher than the water washings only. The removal ratio of malathion residues was the highest in the first washing and the ratio fell greatly in the following washings. The removal efficiency was not quite different in the temperature range of $5-35^{\circ}C$ of the washing solution, but the efficiency at $100^{\circ}C$ was 2-3 times higher than other temperature ranges.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.346-351
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• 2017

This study was conducted to establish the type and method of fertilization for no-tillage during the third year of No-tillage (NT) and Conventional-tillage (CT) practices, towards different kinds of fertilizers. In this experiment, the livestock manure showed higher in response to fertilizer effects of no-tillage. Comparing growth characteristics and yield in NT and CT. Regarding yield, there is no significant between livestock fertilizer and chemical fertilizer, but between livestock fertilizer and chemical fertilizer in conventional fertilization has significant differences. Based on the result, livestock fertilizer is effective way on the quantity of the crop. Nitrogen absorption of plant in livestock of no-tillage is more effective than conventional fertilization. In case of the phosphorus absorption and potassium absorption of plant, fertilizer effect has no significant. Nitrogen is highly absorbed in livestock fertilization of NT. Absorption of phosphorus and potassium are similar.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.645-656
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to evaluate the product quality and function properties of hot pepper (green and red) fruits cultivated by organic and conventional agricultural practices. Organic and conventional hot peppers were analyzed their product quality with respect to pH, soluble solid, hardness, and color values. The soluble solid contents of organic hot peppers were 2.6~10% higher but their hardness was slightly lower than those of conventional hot peppers. Hot peppers were further analyzed their functional properties on chlorophyll contents, ASTA (American Spice Trade Association) value, total phenolics, and SEM ultrastructure. In case of green pepper, organic hot pepper showed higher (-)a value and the significantly (p<0.001) higher amounts of chlorophyll a and b than conventional hot pepper. Interestingly, organic red hot pepper showed higher (+)a value than that of conventional one. The ASTA value of organic red hot pepper was 28% higher than that of conventional one. Regardless of the fruits color, total phenolics content of organic hot peppers was more enriched than those of conventional ones. These results suggest that organic hot peppers exhibited more excellent color quality and functional properties than conventional hot peppers regardless of fruit color.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.1137-1143
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• 2011

Optimum soil management of chestnut orchards is important to ensure high quality and yields of chestnut. This study was conducted to evaluate soil and green leaf characteristics by establishment periods of chestnut (Castanea crenata Sieb. et. Zucc.) orchards in Sancheong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do. Total 30 plots with the criteria of similar cultivation practices were chosen and classified into two establishment periods by over 20-year-old orchards (17 plots) and below 19-year-old orchards (13 plots). Soil bulk density was significantly higher (p<0.05) in over 20-year-old ($1.16g\;cm^{-3}$) than in below 19-year-old ($1.03g\;cm^{-3}$) plots. Soils in over 20-year-old plots were severely acidified with pH 4.56 compared to pH 4.73 in below 19-year-old plots. However, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and potassium were not significantly different (p>0.05) between both establishment periods. Leaf area, leaf mass, and nutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) concentration of green leaves were also not significantly different (p>0.05) between both establishment periods. The results indicate that soil bulk density in chestnut orchards is dependent on the establishment periods, while soil chemical property and leaf nutrient concentration may be little influenced by the establishment periods.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 2010

Environmental-friendly agriculture (EFA) is defined as the cultivation of crops with reduced amounts or without chemical-synthetic pesticides. Recently, the use of chemical pesticides has decreased significantly; therefore, we cultivated peppers following EFA- and conventional methods and compared their antioxidant activities. To accomplish this, the environmental-friendly cultivated peppers (EFPE) and conventionally cultivated peppers (CCPE) were extracted with 70% methanol and the effects of the extracts on the cell viability, intracellular ROS generation, lipid peroxidation and catalase activity of HepG2 cells were evaluated. EFPE showed a stronger protective effect against oxidative stress induced-cell death than that of CCPE. EFPE also reduced intracellular ROS generation (42.7% to 26.4%) following treatment with hydrogen peroxide more effectively than that of CCPE (24.2% to 6.3%). Furthermore, EFPE and CCPE showed protective effects against lipid peroxidation and induced catalase activity, although these effects were not statistically significant. Taken together, these results suggest that EFPE showed stronger antioxidant activities than CCPE, and thus represent evidence that EFA with biocontrol materials may improve the functional properties of crops and/or secondary metabolites with antioxidant activities when compared with conventional agricultural practices.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.1487-1501
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• 2011

Recently, fast-growing up railway transportations. Because, regional traffic congestion problem solving and a period of rapid expansion to meet the demand of industries. In addition the government also suggest to new paradigm for the future 'Low Carbon, Green Growth' is presented as a new national vision. To meet the social needs and the time demands, Last of the railway increase very long tunnels and huge deep tunnels. Especially this trend accelerated high speed up in the tunnel, the revision of design criteria and research challenges are being actively improved. Mainly in the tunnel cross-section was under the control of the vehicle train speed 150km/hr by the construction of the vehicle cross-section of the tunnel. More than 200km/hr rail tunnel depending on the vehicle's speed caused the tunnel to the pressure fluctuations will be governed by the aerodynamic changes. Considering the economy to ensure the optimum cross-section of the railway tunnel to the description scheme is selected cross-section of the railway tunnel to determine the size domestic or international railway tunnel for the elements((based on fast Algorithm design criteria, the center line spacing, streetcar line, cross-sectional shape, sectoral issues, such as interface and aerodynamics) based on design practices and to review results. In this study, to propose guidelines depending on the size of a railway tunnel cross section for the size of the determining reasonable factors when designing the railway tunnel and cost-effective standards guidelines.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.27-36
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• 2015

Purpose: The definition and factors of passive design being the sustainable method of building plan through the preceding research is deducted and the effect of passive design within the public library by applying the deducted factors in the case of built public libraries and further the realization plan of green library aimed to be reviewed in this research. Method: This study is to induce common elements of architecture plan for public library and passive design, and assess application level of re-classified elements of sustainable public library in order to analyze present condition of passive design applied on facilities of public library. First, related laws and planning standards of public library will be reviewed, then the definition of passive design will be considered using advanced research. Through advanced research related to planing elements and passive design for library induced from various plans for library standards, a common ground of induced passive design element will be transformed into assessment items and practices to be analyzed. Result: Libraries which are and are not preliminarily certified by G-SEED will be compared with each other in order to analyze the effects of passive design on G-SEED. Even though various passive elements such as load reduction of air conditioning and energy efficiency exist, there are no assessment tool within G-SEED. The fact that there are only standards for temporary methods such as utilization of construction material and installation of equipment highlights the challenges in quantitative evaluation.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.305-314
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• 2004

Climate change mainly due to the increase of green house gases cause different patterns of water cycle within the basin. However, it is common that current planning and management practices do not consider the effect of the climate change. So, this study evaluated the effect of climate change on the water circulation within the watershed. This study used several GCM simulations for the double $CO_2$condition for the generation of temperature and rainfall series using the Markov chain. Daily runoff series for 100 years were generated using a rainfall-runoff model. As results. annual temperature increase by ＋3.2 ∼＋4.6$^{\circ}C$, annual precipitation change －7 ∼ ＋8 %, annual runoff change －14 ∼ ＋7 %, and potential evapotranspiration amount change ＋3 ∼＋4 % for the change of 1 $^{\circ}C$ are found to be expected depending on GCM simulations. Even though the simulation results are very dependent on the GCM predictions considered, overall variability of runoff is expected to become higher than the current state.