• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.20-29
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• 1984

It is very important to obtain gray and ductile cast irons with completely pearlitic structure by addition more economical alloying elements. In this study, 9 melts of gray iron and 5 melts of Mg-treated ductile cast iron were made according to Sb content (0-0.08% Sb). Each melt were casted to ${\phi}20mm$ test bars in sand mold under the same condition and inspected microstructure, mechanical and thermal properties. The results obtained from this study are as follows: 1. It is confirmed that Sb should be an economical, simple and useful additive for avoiding ferrite in gray and even in ductile cast irons. 2. For gray cast iron, the recommended ladle addition of metallic Sb amounts to 0.05%. At these levels, Sb has no detrimental influence on the mechanical properties of gray cast irons, which are normally modified according to their pearlite content without increasing the chilling tendency. 3. Despite its adverse influence on graphite shape in ductile iron, Sb can be used as a pearlite stabilizing alloying element even in the case of Mg - treated iron. The quantity to be added does not exceed 0.04% in the case of thinwalled castings. 4. The nodule count is increased very much and the shape of graphite particles become remarkably spheroidal. The matrix may be fully pearlitized, except for thin - walled castings, because the high nodule count results inevitably in some ferrite. 5. The $Ac_1$ and pearlite decomposition temperature are rised in accordance with increasing of additive Sb amount.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.155-161
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• 2012

It was attempted to evaluate the microstructure and quality of various types of cast iron by ultrasonic velocity measurement. Three types of commercial gray cast iron and ductile cast iron were used for this investigation, respectively. One type of the ductile cast iron was heat-treated as a function of annealing time to produce different microstructure. Ultrasonic velocity measurement, microstructural analysis (pearlite area fraction, graphite length and nodularity), and hardness measurement were performed to find empirical correlations among these parameters. Ultrasonic velocity of ductile cast iron was markedly faster than that of gray cast iron. Ultrasonic velocity decreased with the decrease of fraction of pearlite structure. As a quality monitoring parameter of cast iron, potential of ultrasonic velocity was suggested.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.432-440
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• 1993

Ductile cast iron has a good ductility and toughness than those of gray cast iron, because the shape of graphite is spheroidal. Also, it has been reported that, additional strengthening and toughening of the ductile cast iron can be obtainded from the proper combination of matrix structures by the heat treatment and addition of alloying elements. In this study the effect of special heat treatment and addition of alloying elements(Ni, Mo) on the multi-phase(ferrite-bainite-martensite) structures, strength and toughness of ductile cast iron were studied systematically. In water quenching from $770^{\circ}C$, the martensite volume(%) increased, but the ferrite volume(%) decreased with increment of Ni content. In as cast, pearlite volume(%) and hardness increased with increment of Mo and Ni contents. And with the increment of the destabilization austempering holding time, the bainite volume(%) increased but the martensite volume(%) decreased. As destabilization austempering holding time is same, bainite volume(%) decreased, martensite increased with the increment of Ni and Mo contents. The hardness and tensile strength decreased, but impact energy increased with the decrease of Ni and Mo contents, and increment of holding time of destabilization austempering treatment.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.299-308
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• 1990

Ductile cast iron has a good ductility and ductility and toughness than those of gray cast iron, because the shape of graphite is spheroidal. It has been reported that the strengthening and toughening of the ductile cast iron was resulted from the good modification of various matrix structures obtained by the heat treatment or addition of alloying elements. This study aims to investigate the effect of various special heat treatment(Cyclic Heat Treatment, Intermediate Heat Treatment, Step Quenching), austempering and alloying element(Ni) on the strength and toughness of ductile cast iron. The results obtained from this study are summarized as follows. 1) With addition of Ni, the amount of pearlite or bainite were increased and the morphologies of pearlite or bainite became finer by special heat treatments. 2) As the Ni added and not added ductile cast iron were treated by austenitizing at $900^{\circ}C$ and $840^{\circ}C$, in the latter the austenite was mostly formed in the vicinity of eutectic cell boundary, but in the former on the whole matrix. 3) In cyclic heat treatment, the volume fraction of pearlite was increased and the shape of pearlite was fined with increase of the number of cycle. 4) The shape of pearlite was mostly bar type in the intermediate heat treatment, but spheroidal type in step quenching. 5) The mechanical properties of ductile cast iron containing 1.5%Ni austempered at $400^{\circ}C$ for 25min. after austenitizing at $900^{\circ}C$ for 15min. were a good value of hardness 105(HRB), impact energy 12.5(kg.m), tensile strength 112($kg/mm^2$) and elongation 6.8(%).

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.2-15
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• 1982

In this study, the influenced of graphite shape on the boriding of cast iron and boride structure was investigated. Gray cast iron, ferritic and pearlitic ductile cast iron were borided at 750,850,900 and $950^{\circ}C$ for 1,3 and 5 hours by powder pack method with the mixture of $B_4C_9\;Na_2B_4O_7$, $KBF_4$ and Shc. The boride layer was consisted of FeB(little), $Fe_2B$ (main) and graphite. Some possibility of the existence of unknown Fe-B-C compound in the boride layer was suggested. And precipitates in the diffusion zone was $Fe_3(B,C)$. The concentration of Si and precipitation of $Fe_3(B,C)$ in the ${\alpha}$ layer raised the hardness of this Zone. The depth and hardness of boride layer increased with the increase of treating temperature and tim. But high temperature (over $950^{\circ}C)$ caused pore at graphite position and long treating time (5hrs) sometimes caused formation of graphite layer beneath the boride layer. So, for the practical application of borided cast iron, treating in short time and at low temperature was recommended. And for ductile cast iron, ferritizing or pearlitizing heat treatment was seemmed to be possible at the same time with boriding. The graphite in the boride layer was deeply concerned with the qualitx and characteristics of the boride layer. And it greatly influenced on the shape of the boride phase, structure of the boride layer. Generally speaking, the existance of graphite restrained the growth of the boride phase. But the boundary between the gsaphite and the matrix acted as the shortcut of boron diffusion. So, for gray cast iron, the graphite layed length-wise led the formation of boride layer.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.169-181
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• 1995

This study has been performed to investigate some effects of the power density and traverse speed of laser beam on the optical microstructure, hardness and fatigue resistance of gray cast iron treated by laser surface hardening technique. Optical micrograph has shown that the dissolution of graphite flakes and the coarsening of lath martensite tend to increase with a small amount of retained austenite as the power density increases under the condition of a given traverse speed. Hardness measurements have revealed that as the power density increases, hardness values of outermost surface layer increases from Hv=620 to Hv=647 in case of traverse speed of 2.0m/min at gray cast iron. Fatigue test has exhibited that the fatigue strength of laser surface hardened specimen is superier compared to that of untreated specimen, showing that values for the fatigue strength at $N_f=10^7$ of gray cast iron laser-surface-hardened at a low power density of $4076w/cm^2$ and a high power density of $8153w/cm^2$ under the condition of a given traverse speed of 2.0m/min are $15kg_f/mm^2$ and $20kg_f/mm^2$, respectively, whereas the fatigue strength of untreated specimen is $11kg_f/mm^2$. Under high stress-low cycle condition a noraml brittleness fracture appears, whereas a ductile fracture with beach mark is observed in the specimen tested under low stress-high cycle condition.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.101-107
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• 2004

회주철 및 구상흑연주철에 있어서 압탕방안 및 합금원소가 수축결함의 생성에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 두 종류의 압탕방안으로 실린더형상의 계단상시편을 제조하였으며 회주철의 경우 5조성(ISO 150, 200, 250, 300, 350), 구상흑연주철의 경우 6조성(SG 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60)을 사용하였다. 회주철 및 구상흑연주칠 공히, 1차 압탕방안의 경우 액상수축에 의한 1차수축결함이 후육부의 표면에 발생하였으며 수축결함의 내면은 매끄러웠다. 회주철의 경우 응고수축에 의한 2차수축결함은 생성되지 않았으나 구상흑연주철의 경우 모든 시편의 내부열점에 2차수축결함이 발생하였고 그 내면은 거칠었다. 2차압탕방안의 경우 회주철의 모든 시편에서는 1차 및 2차수축결함이 발생되지 않았다. 그러나 구상흑연주철의 경우 탄화물 생성원소가 첨가된 SG 40, 50 및 60의 3조성에서 2차수축결함이 열점에 생성되었다. 견고한 ���V주형을 사용하였기 때문에 주형벽이동으로 인한 표면팽창은 어느 경우에도 관찰되지 않았다.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.524-532
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• 2009

In the mechanical clutches, the pressure plate is one of the important parts for transferring the power and reducing the vibration. Instead of gray and ductile irons, CGI(Compacted Graphite Cast Iron) is concerned to be the replacement recently. A thermo-mechanical coupled analysis was performed to investigate the behavior of the pressure plate for manual clutches. Thermal and mechanical properties of three kinds of cast irons were obtained from the mechanical experiments and referred other technical reports. The results of FEM analysis, were well match with the experimental ones. In this designated FEM method, temperature distribution, stress distribution and thermal deformation were successfully gained and these results will help to design the pressure plate which was made by cast irons including CGI.