• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.143-149
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• 2016

Grateloupia elliptica has been reported to have the proliferation effect of dermal papilla cells (DPCs), which play important roles in the regulation of hair cycle. In the present study, we examined in vitro and in vivo hair growth-promoting effect of Grateloupia elliptica. When isolated rat vibrissa follicles were treated with extract of G. elliptica, the hair-fiber lengths of the vibrissa follicles significantly increased. Furthermore, the G. elliptica extract accelerated the telogen-angen transition in C57BL/6 mice. To investigate the molecular mechanisms of the G. elliptica extract on the proliferation of DPCs, we examined the activation of $wnt/{\beta}$-catenin signaling which is known to regulate hair follicle development, differentiation and hair growth. The G. elliptica extract activated $wnt/{\beta}$-catenin signaling via the increase of ${\beta}$-catenin and phospho-$GSK3{\beta}$. In addition, the G. elliptica extract increased the level of cyclin E and CDK2, while the level of $p27^{kip1}$ was decreased. These results suggest that the the G. elliptica extract may induce hair growth by proliferation of DPCs via cell-cycle progression and the activation of $Wnt/{\beta}$-catenin signaling.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.123-131
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• 2021

In this study, we investigated the biological functions of Grateloupia elliptica (G. elliptica) fermented with Aureobasidium pullulans (A. pullulans). Total phenolic contents (TPC) of the hot-water extract of the fermented G. elliptica increased 2.7 folds than that of the non-fermented G. elliptica. Furthermore, total flavonoid contents of both the hot-water extract and the ethanol extract increased maximum 2.4 folds amounts than non-fermented G. elliptica extracts.HaCaT cells were induced inflammation treated with LPS (1 ㎍/mL) or H₂O₂ (1mM) and examined with 100 ㎍/mL of G. elliptica extracts. The extraction of the fermented G. elliptica increased HaCaT cell proliferation in the maximum 10% than non-fermented G. elliptica extraction. Furthermore, investigating changes in protein expression associated with inflammation resulted in a significant reduction in the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and 70 kDa heat shock proetin. Conclusively, the extracts of G. elliptica fermented with A. pullulans have bioactive functions both anti-oxidant to protect environmental stresses and anti-inflammation activity. Hence, G. elliptica fermented with A. pullulans would be a good natural resource as bioactive ingredients for cosmetics. Therefore, G. elliptica fermented with A. pullulans is useful as a astringent material with anti-inflammatory skin.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.118-124
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• 2012

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Grateloupia elliptica, a seaweed native to Jeju Island, Korea, on the prevention of hair loss. When immortalized rat vibrissa dermal papilla cells were treated with extract of G. elliptica, the proliferation of dermal papilla cells significantly increased. In addition, the G. elliptica extract significantly inhibited the activity of $5{\alpha}$-reductase, which converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a main cause of androgenetic alopecia. On the other hand, the G. elliptica extract promoted $PGE_2$ production in HaCaT cells in a dose-dependent manner. The G. elliptica extract exhibited particularly high inhibitory effect on LPS-stimulated IL-12, IL-6, and TNF-${\alpha}$ production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. The G. elliptica extract also showed inhibitory activity against Pityrosporum ovale, a main cause of dandruff. These results suggest that G. elliptica extract has the potential to treat alopecia via the proliferation of dermal papilla, $5{\alpha}$-reductase inhibition, increase of $PGE_2$ production, decrease of LPS-stimulated pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibitory activity against Pityrosporum ovale.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2020

In this experiment, the Grateloupia elliptica (G. elliptica) was fermented using the fungus Aureobasidium pullulans (A. pullulans) and its extract was obtained from hot water and 70% ethanol solution. The extract was studied for their biological activities such as antioxidant effect, Collagenase and tyrosinase inhibition in comparison to the nonfermented exatract in same solvents. Antioxidative activity test using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) showed that ethanol extract had higher antioxidant activity than water extract. Among all of the samples, the antioxidant activity of G. elliptica fermented ethanol extracts (GEFEE) was highest. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity of GEFEE was highest with 9.8% at the 1,000 ㎍/mL concentration. No inhibition of collagenase from G. elliptica water extract (GEWE) and G. elliptica fermented water extract (GEFWE) was observed, but G. elliptica ethanol extracts (GEEE) and GEFEE showed increased collagenase inhibition activity with increasing concentrations of them. Collagenase inhibitory activity of GEFEE was highest with 50.3% at the 1,000 ㎍/mL concentration. MTS cell proliferation assay was conducted with the GEWE, GEEE, GEFWE, GEFEE and cell viability was over 90% at the 10 ㎍/mL ~ 1000 ㎍/mL concentrations for all of the samples, which suggested that the extracts were noncytotoxic. In conclusion, fermented extracts of G. elliptica could be developed to bioactive functional material for cosmetics with antioxidant and wrinkle improvement effects.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.346-353
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• 2014

The chlorophyll-related compound pheophorbide a (Pa) was successively purified from an edible red seaweed, Grateloupia elliptica, using silica, octadecyl silica column chromatography and reversed phase-high-performance liquid chromatography, as well as the cell cycle inhibitory and apoptotic effects of Pa being investigated in U87MG glioblastoma cells. The Pa exhibited strong anticancer effects in the absence of direct photo-irradiation against various cancer cell lines, including U87MG, SK-OV-3, and HeLa cells. Among the cancer cells, the strongest anticancer activity of Pa exhibited on U87MG cells with $IC_{50}$ values of 2.8 ${\mu}g/ml$. In addition, Pa specifically had cytostatic activity on glioblastoma cells rather than human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Analysis of the cell cycle distribution showed that Pa induced G0/G1 arrest of U87 MG cells. In addition, arrested cells induced late apoptosis and DNA degradation under dark condition. These results suggest that Pa isolated from G. elliptica is a potential glioblastoma-specific anticancer agent without side effects on normal cells.

• ALGAE
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.51-60
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• 2021

The sea urchin, Mesocentrotus nudus, is widely distributed in North West Pacific regions. It has a substantial impact on macroalgal communities as a generalist herbivore. This study examined various aspects of its feeding ecology, including algal preference, foraging behaviors, and possible effects of past feeding history on its algal preference. We used six common algal species (Ulva australis, Undaria pinnatifida, Sargassum confusum, Dictyopteris divaricata, Grateloupia elliptica, and Grateloupia angusta) from the east coast of Korea as food choice in a series of indoor aquarium experiments. The first choice of starved M. nudus was exclusively U. pinnatifida, followed by G. elliptica and S. confusum. Unlike large urchins, small urchins equally preferred U. pinnatifida and G. elliptica. On the other hand, Undaria-fed urchins preferred to feed only G. elliptica, although its preference slightly differed over time. We then grouped sea urchins into three categories (starved, Undaria-fed, mixed species-fed) to observe 12-days feeding preference as well as early foraging movements. Foraging behaviors of the three groups were distinctively different, although they could not completely reflect the actual consumption. For example, U. australis was highly attractive, but rarely eaten. Undaria-fed urchins seemed to stay with only S. confusum and U. australis. This study demonstrates that M. nudus shows high flexibility in food preference depending on past feeding history and body size. Its foraging behaviors are also affected by past feeding conditions, exhibiting active chemoreceptive movements.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.1110-1114
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• 2008

$\beta$-Glucuronidases of intestinal bacteria are capable of retoxifying compounds that have been detoxified by liver glucuronidation, which is one of the most important detoxication processes in the liver. Therefore, this enzyme is known to accelerate colon cancer invasion and metastasis. Two bromophenols, 2,4,6-tribromophenol (I) and 2,4-dibromophenol (II), were purified from the red alga Grateloupia elliptica. $IC_{50}$ values of bromophenol I and II against Escherichia coli $\beta$-glucuronidase were 5.4 and 8.5 mg/mL, respectively. Hence, bromophenols of G. elliptica, a potent $\beta$-glucuronidase inhibitor, can be used as a novel pharmaceutical agent for the prevention and treatment of colon cancer.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.927-934
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• 2014

Marine algal flora and community structure were seasonally examined at Jungjado, on the southern coast of Korea, from July 2007 to May 2008. A total of 112 seaweeds, including 15 green, 24 brown, and 73 red algae, were identified and 33 species were found throughout the year. The average seaweed biomass was 145.78 g dry weight $m^{-2}$, and the biomass was maximal in winter (184.74 g) and minimal in autumn (106.17 g). The dominant and subdominant species in terms of biomass were Sargassum thunbergii and Grateloupia elliptica in summer, S. thunbergii and Corallina pilulifera in autumn, S. thunbergii and Chondracanthus intermedius in winter, and Sargassum fusiforme and G. elliptica in spring. The vertical distribution patterns of seaweeds from the upper to lower intertidal zones at Jungjado were S. thunbergii - Ulva conglobata - Gelidium elegans in summer; Caulacantus ustulatus - Chondria crassicaulis - C. pilulifera in autumn; Ulva australis - S. thunbergii - G. elliptica in winter; and Gloiopeltis tenax - S. fusiforme - G. elliptica in spring. Seasonally the evenness, richness, and diversity indices tended to have their highest values during the winter and their lowest values in the summer. However, the dominant index was recorded as lowest in winter and highest in the summer. The C/P, R/P, and (R+C)/P values reflecting the flora characteristics were 0.58, 3.04, and 3.62, respectively.

• ALGAE
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.231-238
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• 2009

The genus Grateloupia is the largest with more than 96 currently recognized species in the family Halymeniaceae, but morphological features of the genus are highly homoplasious making species identification difficult. In this study, we analyzed rbcL gene from 34 samples collected in Korea and compared the haplotypes of Korean species with those already published. The rbcL tree confirmed the occurrence of eight species in Korea: G. asiatica, G. catenata, G. divaricata, G. elliptica, G. imbricata, G. lanceolata, G. subpectina, and G. turuturu. All, except G. asiatica and G.catenata, been introduced from their native northeastern Asian waters to Australasian, European, and North American waters. The introduced haplotypes of G. lanceolata in Europe and North America were absent in Korea, while haplotype sharing of G. turuturu in Korea and Europe was common. Further sampling will show a source population of each introduced species and also provide a correct list of Grateloupia from Korea, including the other remaining 11 species of the genus.

• ALGAE
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.327-334
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• 2008

Seaweed biomass was estimated using a nondestructive sampling method in the rocky intertidal and subtidal zone in Daejin on the mid-east coast of Korea from August 2006 to April 2008. Seasonal sampling were done at the depth of 0, 1, 5, 10 m using 50 x 50 cm quadrat. A total of 95 species, including 11 chlorophytes, 26 phaeophytes, 57 rhodophytes and one sea grass were identified. Mean biomass was comprised of 1,292 g wet wt m$^{-2}$ and the biomass values varied seasonally from 904 g to 1,945 g. Dominant species in biomass were Sargassum spp. (S. horneri, S. yezoense), Corallina pilulifera, Phyllospadix japonica, Symphyocladia latiuscula, Hizikia fusiformis, Codium arabicum and Chondrus ocellatus at Daejin. The vertical distribution of algae were characterized by Corallina pilulifera, Symphyocladia latiuscula, Sargassum spp. (S. confusum, S. yezoense), Hizikia fusiformis and Grateloupia elliptica at intertidal zone, Sargassum spp. (S. fulvellum, S. horneri, S. yezoense), Phyllospadix japonica, Codium arabicum, Undaria pinnatifida and Corallina pilulifera at 1 m depth, Sargassum spp. (S. horneri, S. micracanthum, S. yezoense), Phyllospadix japonica, Grateloupia elliptica, Gelidium amansii and Codium arabicum at 5 m depth and Phyllospadix japonica, Codium arabicum, Sargassum spp. (S. horneri, S. micracanthum, S. yezoense) and Undaria pinnatifida at 10 m depth.