• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제23권12호
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• pp.936-941
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• 2010

In this study, we have investigated the effects of Mn dopant on the bulk trap levels and grain boundary characteristics of $Bi_2O_3$-based ZnO (ZB) varistor using admittance spectroscopy and dielectric functions (such as $Z^*,\;Y^*,\;M^*,\;\varepsilon^*$, and $tan\delta$). Admittance spectra and dielectric functions show two bulk traps of $Zn_i^{..}$ (0.20 eV) and $V^{\bullet}_o$ (0.29~0.33 eV) in ZnO-$Bi_2O_3-Mn_3O_4$ (ZBM). The barrier of grain boundaries in ZBM could be electrochemically single type. However, its thermal stability was slightly disturbed by ambient oxygen because the apparent activation energy of grain boundaries was changed from 0.79 eV at lower temperature to 1.08 eV at higher temperature. The grain boundary capacitance $C_{gb}$ was decreased slightly with temperature as 1.3~1.8 nF but resistance $R_{gb}$ decreased exponentially. The relaxation time distribution can result from the heterogeneity of the barriers constituting the varistor. It is revealed that Mn dopant in ZB reduced the heterogeneity of the barrier in grain boundaries and stabilized the barrier against the ambient temperature.

• Mycobiology
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.240-254
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• 2017

Cereal grains are the most important food source for humans. As the global population continues to grow exponentially, the need for the enhanced yield and minimal loss of agricultural crops, mainly cereal grains, is increasing. In general, harvested grains are stored for specific time periods to guarantee their continuous supply throughout the year. During storage, economic losses due to reduction in quality and quantity of grains can become very significant. Grain loss is usually the result of its deterioration due to fungal contamination that can occur from preharvest to postharvest stages. The deleterious fungi can be classified based on predominance at different stages of crop growth and harvest that are affected by environmental factors such as water activity ($a_w$) and eco-physiological requirements. These fungi include species such as those belonging to the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium that can produce mycotoxins harmful to animals and humans. The grain type and condition, environment, and biological factors can also influence the occurrence and predominance of mycotoxigenic fungi in stored grains. The main environmental factors influencing grain fungi and mycotoxins are temperature and $a_w$. This review discusses the effects of temperature and $a_w$ on fungal growth and mycotoxin production in stored grains. The focus is on the occurrence and optimum and minimum growth requirements for grain fungi and mycotoxin production. The environmental influence on aflatoxin production and hypothesized mechanisms of its molecular suppression in response to environmental changes are also discussed. In addition, the use of controlled or modified atmosphere as an environmentally safe alternative to harmful agricultural chemicals is discussed and recommended future research issues are highlighted.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2018

The effects of the fiber direction, specimen size and temperature on the compressive strength of carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide composite (C/SiC composite) manufactured by liquid silicon infiltration(LSI) is investigated. Tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM C 695 at room temperature and elevated temperatures. Experiments are conducted with two different specimens considering grain direction. With grain (W/G) specimens have a carbon fibers parallel to the load direction, but across grain (A/G) specimens have a perpendicular carbon fibers. To verify the specimen size effect of C/SiC composite, two types of specimens are manufactured. One has a one to two ratio of diameter to height and the other has a one to one ratio. The compressive strength of C/SiC composite increased as temperature rise. As specimens are larger, compressive strength of A/G specimens increased, however compressive strength of W/G decreased.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.232-237
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• 2015

Purpose: In Korea, wheat is dried using circulating cross-flow grain dryers. However, there is no research on wheat drying which can be utilized for the dryers. Therefore, this study developed and evaluated a simulation of the circulating cross-flow dryer, and examined the effects of various factors on drying performance. Methods: The simulation program was developed using drying models and was evaluated against wheat-drying experiments with a dryer having a 30-ton capacity. The influence of drying temperature, air volume, and grain falling rate on drying performance were examined through the simulation. Results: The experimental results validated the simulation program by showing the same root mean square error (RMSE) for moisture content (0.286%) and drying rate (0.056%/h) in both the experimental data and the simulation values. The appropriate wheat-drying parameter values, considering drying conditions, were determined to be $50^{\circ}C$ for drying temperature, $500m^3/min$ for air volume, and a grain falling rate of $36.0m^3/h$. Conclusions: The developed simulation program for circulating cross-flow dryers analyzed the influences of performance factors such as drying temperature, air volume, and falling rate on drying performance.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.66-78
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• 1998

the microstructure and mechanical properties of seeded and ball-milled dry gels prepared by boehmite sol-gel method were discussed. The densification of seeded gels was improved with increasing seed content namely the number of seed The number of seed was 1.09, 3.35, 5.72${\times}$1012/cm3 boehmite when seeded with 1, 3, 5wt% respectively The ball milled gel contained about 0.5wt% seed and the number of seed was 4.72${\times}$1012/cm3 boehmite. The sintered density of 5wt% seeded gel was below 80% when sintered at 1300$^{\circ}C$ for 1h. On the other hand that of ball milled gel was very improved and reached to 97% In the case of 3wt% seeded gels the density over 97% was attained when sintered at 1500$^{\circ}C$for 1h. and the grain of the sintered body was several micrometers in size. However the sintered body of ball milled gel showed grain size of submicrometer when sintered at 1300$^{\circ}C$ for 1h. And this specimen showed highest harness value of 1900kg/mm2 The fracture toughness increased with increasing sintering temperature. The sintered body of ball milled gel showed the largest grain size and the highest fracture toughness without regard to sint-ering temperature.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.43-48
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• 2006

본 2부의 연구에서는 스파크 플라스마 소결의 온도분포, 상대밀도, 입자성장을 해석 하기 위하여 1부 연구의 시뮬레이션 이론을 바탕으로 스파크 플라스마 소결공정을 유한요소법(FEM)과 몬테카를로법(MCM)으로 전산모사하고 실험치와 비교한다. 전산모사를 통하여 소결체의 소결온도가 높을수록 입자성장이 커지고 밀도가 높아져 기계적 성질이 향상되고, 고상 소결에서 몬테카르로 단계가 증가할 수록 기공의 감소와 입자크기의 증대함을 보여 준다.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제48권12호
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• pp.1078-1083
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• 2010

In this study, high temperature oxidation behavior of Alloy 617 was investigated to evaluate the effect of grain size for Alloy 617. The grain size of grain-refined Alloy 617 (GR617) was reduced to $5{\mu}m$ from $71{\mu}m$ for as-received Alloy 617 (AR617) by recrystallization after cold rolling. After high temperature aging, the oxide layers of AR617 and GR617 consisted of $Cr_2O_3$ external oxide scale and $Al_2O_3$ internal oxide. The external oxide scale resulted in a Cr-depleted zone and a carbide free zone below the scale. The depth of the carbide free zone was deeply formed in GR617. On the other hand, the depth of the internal oxide layer in GR617 was shorter than that in AR617. After a 3-point bending test, crack propagation of GR617 was more restricted than that of AR617 because of the different microstructure of the internal oxide.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제45권9호
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• pp.567-571
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• 2008

The properties of a grown film by the chemical vapor deposition process depend on the deposition temperature because the deposition mechanism of the CVD film is controlled by the deposition temperature. The preferred orientation of the zrC film changed from (111) to (220) or (200) with an increase of the deposition temperature. The grain size of the ZrC film changes from $0.8{\mu}m$ to $2.5{\mu}m$ in the range of 1350 to $1500^{\circ}C$. The hardness of the deposited ZrC film depended on the preferred orientation and the grain size. The hardness of the ZrC film deposited at $1400^{\circ}C$ was 31 GPa.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.108-114
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• 2017

We fabricate fine (<$20{\mu}m$) powders of $Bi_{0.5}Sb_{1.5}Te_3$ alloys using a large-scale production method and subsequently consolidate them at temperatures of 573, 623, and 673 K using a spark plasma sintering process. The microstructure, mechanical properties, and thermoelectric properties are investigated for each sintering temperature. The microstructural features of both the powders and bulks are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, and the crystal structures are analyzed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The grain size increases with increasing sintering temperature from 573 to 673 K. In addition, the mechanical properties increase significantly with decreasing sintering temperature owing to an increase in grain boundaries. The results indicate that the electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient ($217{\mu}V/K$) of the sample sintered at 673 K increase simultaneously owing to decreased carrier concentration and increased mobility. As a result, a high ZT value of 0.92 at 300 K is achieved. According to the results, a sintering temperature of 673 K is preferable for consolidation of fine (<$20{\mu}m$) powders.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.13-18
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• 2014

In order to clarify the effect of Nb addition on the ductile-brittle transition property of sintered TiC, TiC-10 mol% Nb composites were researched using a three-point bending test at temperatures from room temperature to 2020 K, and the fracture surface was observed by scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the Nb addition decreases the ductile-brittle transition temperature of sintered TiC by 300 K and increases the ductility. The room temperature bending strength was maintained at up to 1800 K, but drastically dropped at higher temperatures in pure TiC. The strength increased moderately to a value of 320MPa at 1600 K in TiC-10 mol% Nb composites, which is 40% of the room temperature strength. Pores were observed in both the grains and the grain boundaries. It can be seen that, as Nb was added, the size of the grain decreased. The ductile-brittle transition temperature in TiC-10 mol% Nb composites was determined to be 1550 K. Above 1970 K, yieldpoint behavior was observed. When the grain boundary and cleavage strengths exceed the yield strength, plastic deformation is observed at about the same stress level in bending as in compression. The effect of Nb addition is discussed from the viewpoint of ability for plastic deformation.