• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.269-278
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• 2004

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.126-136
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• 1995

The studies had been conducted to evaluate the grain processing effects for ruminants on starch digestion, body weight gain and feed efficiency since 1970. This research deals with experimental results on chemical structure, gelatinization, microbial starch digestion in rumen, intestinal starch digestion in rumen, roles of protozoa, intestinal starch digestion of bypass starch, limits to starch digestion in small intestine. The grain processing has different effects on digestion, weight gain and feed efficiency when different grain sources and contents is used, and the quality and quantity of roughage is different. The economical and efficient method of grain processing should be selected considering weight gain and feed efficiency enhancement than digestibility.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.1239-1244
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• 2000

In order to investigate the effect of incorporation of thermally processed cereal (maize) grain and differently degradable protein sources in the calf starter, twenty four newly born crossbred $(Bos\;taurus{\times}Bos\;indicus)$ calves were assigned at random to six diets in a $3{\times}2$ factorial design involving three protein sources viz. groundnut meal (GN), cottonseed meal (CS) and meat and bone meal (MB), each along with two differently processed grain, namely ground raw (R) and pressure cooked (P) maize. The corresponding calf starters with green oats (Avena sativa) were given free-choice from 14 d onwards till the end of the 90 d experimental feeding. A restricted milk diet was fed till the age of weaning at 60 d. Total DM intake was not affected by cereal or protein sources. However, daily intake of DM (59.23 vs 66.45 g) and CP (12.38 vs 14.10 g) per kg $W^{0.75}$ was reduced (p<0.05) due to cereal processing. Better (p<0.05) feed and protein efficiencies after weaning and during entire period in calves fed processed maize resulted in a trend of higher $(p{\leq}092)$ growth rate especially when GN was the source of protein. In comparison among protein sources, calves fed MB diets tended to grow faster $(p{\leq}098)$ concurrent with a higher CP intake before weaning. It is thus evident that thermal processing of maize in the calf starter seems to improve calf performance. Moreover, results indicated that feeding of protein and starch sources of matching ruminal degradability may prove beneficial for early growth of crossbred calves.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.112-117
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• 2004

This work investigated the material properties of Ni-P-B alloy electrodeposits obtained from a Ni sulfamate bath as a function of the contents of the P and B sources($H_3PO_3$ and dimethyl amine borane complex(DMAB), respectively) with/without additives. Chemical composition, residual stress, microstructure and micro hardness were investigated using ICP(inductively coupled plasma) mass spectrometer, flexible strip, XRD, TEM and micro Vickers hardness tester, respectively. From the results of the compositional analysis, it was observed that P and B are incorporated competitively during the electrodeposition and the sulfur from the additive is codeposited into the electrodeposit. The measured residual stress value increased in the order of Ni, Ni-P, Ni-B and Ni-P-B electrodeposits indicating that boron affects the residual tensile stress greater than phosphorus. As the contents of the alloying element sources of P and B increased, crystallinity and the grain size of the electrodeposit decreased. The effect of boron on crystallinity and grain size was also relatively larger than the phosphorus. It can be explained that the boron with a smaller atomic radius contributes to the increase of residual stress in the tensile direction and the larger restraining force against the grain growth more significantly than the phosphorus with a larger atomic radius. Introduction of an additive into the bath retarded crystallization and grain growth, which may be attributed to the change of the grain growth kinetics induced by the additive adsorbed on the substrate and electrodeposit surfaces during electrodeposition.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.115-120
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• 2007

The effect of grain size on the damping capacity of Fe-26Mn-2Al alloy studied in this paper has been investigated after changing the microstructure by cold rolling and changing grain size. Micro structures in Fe-26Mn-2Al at room temperature consist of a large quantity of austenite and a small quantity of ${\varepsilon}\;and\;{\alpha}'$ martensite. And ${\varepsilon}\;and\;{\alpha}'$ martensite was increased by increasing the degree of cold rolling. The content of deformation induced martensite was increased with increasing the degree of cold rolling. Damping capacity was linearly increased with increasing ${\varepsilon}$ martensite content, which suggests that stacking faults and ${\varepsilon}$ martensite variant boundaries are the principle damping sources. With increasing the grain size in Fe-26Mn-2Al alloy, the damping capacity was increased due to increasing the volume fraction of ${\varepsilon}$ martensite by decrement in stability of austenite phase. With decreasing the grain size, the content of deformation induced martensite was decreased and the damping capacity was decreased.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.353-363
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• 2011

The objective of the current study was to examine associations of whole grain consumption with socio-demographic (i.e.: sex, age, household income, education, marriage status) and certain eating behavior factors (i.e.: dish source, eating place, meal type) among a generally healthy Korean population. Using twenty-four hour recall data from the 2007-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, whole grain intake (g/day) was calculated for a total of 8,836 generally healthy Koreans aged 6 years and higher. The study subjects had very low whole grain intake. Specifically approximately 60% of the subjects reported no whole grain consumption on the survey day, and mean daily intake ranged from 8.0 g to 15.1 g in different gender and age groups. Living with a spouse was found to be a positive environment factor for whole grain consumption, especially among men. As household income levels increased, whole grain consumption status also improved. The proportion of non-consumer was lowest in a 6-19 year group, and mean intake amount was highest in middle-aged adults. Major dish sources for whole grain consumption included boiled rice with mixed grains, corn, boiled rice with brown rice, cereal products, and other types of boiled rice. It was found that whole grain consumption was highly affected by eating places rather than meal types. The best contributing eating place was home in each age and gender group. The study findings may be useful in planning nutrition education strategy and formulating dietary behavior guidelines for whole grain consumption improvement.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.15-27
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• 2019

This study tries to reveal transport mechanism and origin of components from fluvial terrace deposits in Danyang and Geum River basins, through grain size partitioning using the Weibull function. Grain size parameters suggest that the samples analyzed in this study can be grouped into the coarse, fine and medium samples. The coarse samples are partitioned into three or four components. More than 65% of the coarse samples consist of components by suspension and saltation by fluvial process, while components by attachment to coarse grains or aggregates and/or by individual grains deposited under non-flow condition are also found in the coarse samples. The fine samples consist of four components and components found in loess deposits in Korea occupy >70%, suggestive of the same transport mechanisms (westerlies and winter monsoon) and common source areas with loess deposits in Korea. However, components by aeolian process from local sources as well as by fluvial process are also found in the fine samples. The medium samples are partitioned into components with similar sizes to the coarse and fine samples, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.635-642
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• 1997

This experiment was conducted to determine apparent ileal and fecal digestibilities of some grains for young pigs (15.6 kg BW). Ileal and fecal digestibility of corn, milo, wheat, barley, rice and tapioca were measured with pigs fitted with simple ileal T-cannula. Rice was the highest (p < 0.05) and tapioca was the lowest (p < 0.05) in the digestibilities of gross energy. For the crude protein digestibilities, rice, barley and wheat were higher (p < 0.05) than corn, milo and tapioca. The average ileal digestibilities of essential amino acids (AAs) were 89.9, 85.8, 81.5, 80.9, 80.2 and 76.3% for those fed rice, barley, milo, wheat, corn and tapioca diets, respectively. Regardless of the dietary carbohydrate sources, among the dispensable amino acids, glycine had lowest digestibility except for barley and milo. The apparent ileal digestibility of lysine and methionine were 90.7, 94.0% in rice, 88.3, 86.5% in barley and 86.3, 82.3% in wheat. The apparent fecal digestibility of average essential AAs were 90.8, 89.9, 87.7, 85.1, 82.5 and 77.9% in pigs fed the rice, barley, wheat, corn, milo and tapioca diets, respectively. The fecal digestibilities of essential AAs and nonessential AAs, in general, were higher than the ileal digestibilities, which indicating a loss of nitrogenous components in the cecum and colon. For all AAs, differences between ileal and fecal amino acid digestibilities ranged from 0.0 (valine) to 5.8 (threonine) in rice, 0.1 (arginine) to 14.5 (glycine) in barley, 2.8 (lysine) to 12.4 (glycine) in wheat, 1.0 (isoleucine) to 12.9 (glycine) in corn, 0.2 (serine, glutamic acid) to 6.5 (methionine) in milo and 0.5 (valine) to 22.1 (glycine) percentage units in tapioca diets. In conclusion, whether it is ileal or fecal, rice and barley appeared to be excellent alternative carbohydrate sources for young pigs in terms of AAs digestibility. However, energy value and cost for each grain should be considered when formulating diets.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.128-135
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• 2013

The use of agricultural by-products as alternative nutrient sources in crop production had gained popularity in order to reducing the rate of chemical fertilizer application in the field. This study was conducted to determine whether the application of rice milling by-products treated with yeast inoculants could substitute, or reduce the rate of chemical fertilizer application. The results of agronomic measurements showed that the effect of incorporated materials was not immediate, as compared to 100% chemical fertilizer application. However, grain yield and quality was either the same or greater than 100% chemical fertilizer application. It was found out that expanded rice hull (treated with yeast or not) could reduce the rate of applying chemical fertilizers by half. Also, yeast treatment was only favorable only to expanded rice hull and not with rice bran, and was already found to be a potential material in reducing chemical fertilizer application in rice production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.1609-1618
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• 2000

Thin stillage and distillers' grains are byproducts remaining after alcohol distillation from a fermented cereal grain mash. Both byproducts are used as energy and protein sources for ruminants. Due to its liquid nature, more than 50% of thin stillage bypasses the rumen. Thin stillage can be fed alone or in combination with distillers' grains. However, a better utilization by beef cattle is anticipated when thin stillage replaces water as a fluid source. Ruminal undegraded protein content of distillers' grains is greatly affected by type of cereal grain and by drying. Corn distillers' grains have a higher ruminal undegraded protein content than wheat distillers' grains while dried distillers' grains have a higher ruminal undegraded protein content than the wet distillers' grains. Wet and dried distillers' grains can replace up to 50% of corn grain in beef cattle diets without affecting animal performance. The estimated NEg of corn distillers' grains for beef cattle ranges from 100 to 169% of that of corn. In general, wet corn distillers' grains have a higher NEg value than dried corn distillers' grains and the addition of thin stillage improves the NEg of distillers' grains. Improved performance of ruminats fed distillers' byproducts can be attributed to high digestible fiber content, improved rumen environment and a shift in organic matter digestion from the rumen to the small intestine.