• Journal of Science Education
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.336-345
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to analysis ERF components patterns of causal questions generated during the observation of biological phenomenon. First, the system that shows pictures causing causal questions based on biological phenomenon (evoked picture system) was developed in a way of cognitive psychology. The ERF patterns of causal questions based on time-series brain processing was observed using MEG. The evoked picture system was developed by R&D method consisting of scientific education experts and researchers. Tasks were classified into animal (A), microbe (M), and plant (P) tasks according to biological species and into interaction (I), all (A), and part (P) based on the interaction between different species. According to the collaboration with MEG team in the hospital of Seoul National University, the paradigm of MEG task was developed. MEG data about the generation of scientific questions in 5 female graduate student were collected. For examining the unique characteristic of causal question, MEG ERF components were analyzed. As a result, total 100 pictures were produced by evoked picture and 4 ERF components, M1(100~130ms), M2(220~280ms), M3(320~390ms), M4(460~520ms). The present study could guide personalized teaching-learning method through the application and development of scientific question learning program.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.9
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• pp.1374-1387
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• 2015

The purpose of this paper was to investigate the operational status of youth facilities as well as the degree of students' satisfaction with menus served at youth facilities. The survey was conducted from July 9 to July 31, 2013 using questionnaires. The responses of 55 youth facilities and 249 students who had experienced foodservice at youth facilities were analyzed, utilizing the SPSS V20.0 program. The results on management status of youth facilities were as follows: 41.8% of youth facilities were operated for over 10 years, and 45.5% of facilities served meals for 100 to 200 students per day on average. Meal costs were 4,450 won on average, and food costs accounted for 46.8% of average meal costs. Exactly 78.2% of facilities preserved storage type meals at a temperature under -18 degrees Celsius for more than 144 hours, as the 'Food Sanitation Act' stated. Exactly 12.7% of facilities did not hire professional dietitians and had unsupervised foodservice management. Among 19 kitchen equipments surveyed in this research, Combi steamer was the least frequent at youth facilities. According to the results, most students (38.7%) ate leftovers since the food was not tasty. Overall foodservice satisfaction was on average 3.45 points, and the four factors 'dining room sanitation' (P<0.05), 'food taste' (P<0.01), 'serving various desserts' (P<0.01) and 'temperature of dining room' (P<0.05), significantly affected overall satisfaction. As food taste was critical for customer satisfaction, it is important for each dietitian to consider customers' preferences and develop recipes and menus. Further, detailed regulation and precise guidelines for youth facility foodservice are required to enhance students' foodservice satisfaction and serve nutritionally balanced menus in a hygienic manner.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.32-40
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• 2010

Purpose: The survey was aimed to provide basic data to develop a certification system for hospice and palliative care professionals. Methods: National Cancer Center (NCC) and the Korean Society for Hospice & Palliative Care (KSHPC) conducted the survey for hospice and palliative care professionals who worked at 34 Palliative care units designated by the Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Family Affairs (MW) and the members of the KSHPC. The survey was conducted via e-mail from June 17 to 23, 2009. Total 220 professionals were surveyed. Results: Most of the hospice and palliative care professionals reported a great need for certification system: Physician, 90% (n=51) nurse, 84% (n=134) social worker, 89% (n=35). In regard with the requirement for the certification, a majority of physicians (46%) preferreddiploma course, while social workers (46%) preferred training course for medical social workers. Concerning the certification body, physician (45%) preferred the KSHPC and the MW almost equally, while nurses (50%) and social workers (60%) preferred the MW highly. As for the body to develop and accredit advance training course for each professionals, most of the physicians (51%) preferred the KSHPC, whereas nurses and social workers preferred collaboration of the MW (or NCC) with the professional society, such as the KSHPC (23%), the Korean Hospice & Palliative nurses association for nurses (21%), or the Korean association of (medical) social workers (37%). Lastly, all respondents preferred the course format of once a week, full day, and some field study at weekend. Conclusion: Korean hospice and palliative care professionals identified the great need for the certification system, therefore, the adequate system development must be followed to reflect their voice.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.15-26
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• 1973

(Directed by Professor Hong, Shin Yong) Today, over seventy five Percent of the schools of nursing in Korea Provide a psychiatric experience in the basic curriculum. The psychiatric presents numerous major problems of adjustment to the student. The importance of positive attitudes toward the nursing care of psychiatric patients is recognized by the nursing profession. The purpose of this study was to determine the expressed attitudes of fifty-three nursing students toward their psychiatric affiliation. An attempt, also, was made to determine what implications these attitudes revealed relative to future program planning for students during the psychiatric nursing affiliation. A questionnaire, a Korean translation of the "psychiatric Nursing Attitude Questionnaire" by Milder Elizabeth Fletcher, was administered to fifty-three nursing students from three schools of nursing in Seoul, Who had completed a four-week psychiatric affiliation in a large mental hospital during Mar. 19, 1973 to May 19, 1973. The questionnaire of 100 statements was administered in the following way: (1) Part 1, Preconceptions. was. given in individual conferences with each subject, during the first few days of their affiliation, and again during the final week of the affiliation. The responses to Part Ⅰ were oral. (2) Part Ⅱ , Expectations, Part Ⅱ, Personal Relations, Part Ⅳ, Personal Feelings, and Part V , Attitudes and Activities of Patients were given to all of the subjects in a group meeting during the second week of the affiliation, and again. during the fourth week at the termination of the affiliation. Responses to Parts B, B, n, and f, wire written. Each of the 100 statements of the questionnaire was considered to be either Positive or Negative. A favorable response was assigned the Positive value of land an unfavorable response was assigned the Negative value of O. The coefficient of correlation was computed between the two sets of scores for the fifty-three nursing students., The mean score, the standard deviation, and the differences in the means on each of the five parts of the questionnaire were computed and the relationships calculated by a t-test. The results. of the study were as follows: 1. There was no significant correlation between the two sets of scores for the fifty-three nursing students during the four-week psychiatric affiliation. (r=573) 2. There was no significant difference in the mean scores between the first and final tests for any of the five parts of the questionnaire. 3. The Part.1, Preconceptions, data indicated nursing students enter the psychiatric affiliation with certain attitudes and preconceptions toward tile psychiatric affiliation which affect their psychiatric nursing experience, 4. The Part Ⅰ, Expectations, data indicated inappropriate expectations of students related to lack of experience, Lack of pre-psychiatric affiliation orientation, lack of social understanding, and feelings of insecurity. 5. The Part Ⅲ, Personal relations, data indicated some students have negative attitudes in personal relations with normal people in respect to psychological security and social responsibilities. 6. The Part Ⅳ, Personal feelings, data indicated nursing students have psychological insecurity & inappropriateness. 7. The Part Ⅴ, Attitudes and activities of patients, data indicated nursing students have negative attitudes of fear and frustration due to the psychotic behavior of certain patients in certain situations. 8. The data indicated preconceptions are predominate in unfavorable attitudes of students toward psychiatric nursing affiliation. Further researches indicated in the following areas: 1. Because of the limited number of students in this study, similar studies should be performed with larger groups for further validation of the results. 2. Because of the findings concerning the influence of the opinions of people in close contact with the students, similar studies of the attitudes of the staff in nursing schools, attitudes of graduate nurses and attitudes of the public should be done to determine weakness and strengths of present programs.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.1-22
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• 2007

Objectives: This study attempted to understand the relationship between handwashing knowledge, attitude and practice of middle school students and to provide the basic information for handwashing training of the students and help them to form a healthy habit. Methods: Data was collected by a standardized self-administered questionnaire between Sep. 20 to Oct. 6 2006 with a total of 710 students in 1, 2, 3 grades at 6 middle schools in metropolitan cities(490 students from four schools situated in an urban center, 220 from 2 in a suburban district). The data was then analyzed using the SPSS WIN 12.0 program, employing many statistical techniques such as chi-square($x^2$) test, t-test, ANOVA analysis with post hoc test, correlations analysis, and regression analysis. Results: The results of the study were as follows. First, total number of handwashing times of middle school students is 6.69 per day. 66.1% of the students used soap and most of the students washed hands for $6{\sim}10$ seconds(44.7%). Second, in the knowledge of handwashing, "both of the parents"(p<0.01), "catholic", "city"(p<0.05) were the highest and the practice of handwashing was active with "city", "high economic level"(p<0.05) and "both of the parents"(p<0.01). In the experience of teaching handwashing, "Yes" was 24.3% which was statistically significant with handwashing knowledge(p<0.05), attitude and practice(p<0.01). Third, in the correlation of handwashing knowledge, attitude and practice, there was statistical significancy between handwashing attitude and knowledge(p<0.01) and showed positive correlation with the knowledge(.534). The practice of handwashing has meaningful difference from the knowledge and the attitude and the coefficient of correlation shows positive co-relation in knowledge(.335) and attitude(0525). Fourth, based on the result for regression analysis with handwashing knowledge, attitude and practice as dependent variables, handwashing knowledge showed statistical significancy with sex, type of school(p<0.05) and residential area(p<0.01). There were also statistical significancy between handwashing attitude and knowledge(p<0.01) and between handwashing practice and religion, knowledge(p<0.05) and economic level, attitude(p<0.01). Conclusion: There were consistent results with handwashing knowledge, attitude and practice. If they had better knowledge, their attitude was more positive and if they had better knowledge and more positive attitude, their practice was active. The knowledge, attitude and practice of the students who learned about handwashing were higher than those of the students who had no experience of learning handwashing. To enhance handwashing habit of middle school students, the handwashing environment should be maintained. The training plans should also be made according to sex, type of school, economic level, residential area, and the consistent study on handwashing training is required.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.275-280
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• 2015

This study investigated intake frequency and opinions regarding native local foods in school foodservice and compared eating status between students in Gyeongsang-do and Jeolla-do. Questionnaires were distributed to 300 students at elementary schools located in Gyeongsang-do and Jeolla-do. The results of this study were as follows. First, intake frequencies of Gyeongsang-do-native local foods by students in Gyeongsang-do was significantly higher than compared to students in Jeolla-do (P<0.01). Second, there was no significant difference in concern for native local foods between students in Gyeongsang-do and students in Jeolla-do, although opinions regarding native local foods in school foodservice by students in Gyeongsang-do were higher compared to students in Jeolla-do (P<0.01). In conclusion, there was a regional difference in terms of intake frequency of Gyeongsang-do-native local foods, whereas there was no regional difference in terms of intake frequency of Jeolla-do-native local food. Students in Gyeongsang-do showed more positive attitudes regarding native local foods in school foodservice than students in Jeolla-do. This result implies that regional differences between Gyeongsang-do and Jeolla-do regarding native local foods should be removed. In order to develop native local foods, it will be necessary to develop a program to actively apply native local foods in school foodservice and provide more chances for elementary school students to experience various native local foods.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.862-869
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• 2009

This research was performed to acquire fundamental data to be used in developing school foodservice monitoring programs by investigating the actual operational conditions and views of dietitians and students' parents on foodservice monitoring. A questionnaire was provided to the parents and the dietitians of 100 school foodservice establishments in Ulsan area for one month (June, 2007). The questionnaires of 51 foodservice establishments from dietitians and parents were collected (response rate 51%). The collected data from the questionnaires were statistically analyzed using the SAS package program. In terms of the study subjects, 98.0% of the school foodservices were direct managed. The knowledge of HACCP of the students' parents included 'know well' (52.6%), 'know a little bit' (8.8%), and 'do not know' (38.6%). 90.2% of the subjects were monitoring school foodservice regularly. The performance rates of school foodservice monitoring by the students' parents were in the order of: inspecting food materials (95.4%), food preparation (92.7%), and cleaning and facilities sanitation (88.1%). Of the students' parent respondents, 64.1% received preliminary monitoring education regularly, in the order of inspecting food materials (70.9%), food preparation (67.5%), and cleaning and facilities sanitation (60.9%); menu planning (45.5%) was the most highly required item for preliminary education. The understanding degree, in terms of the foodservice preliminary education, was 3.10 points, and the effects evaluation scores of the preliminary education by the dietitians was 3.18 points out of 5 points. The evaluation results for both the importance and performance about the foodservice monitoring items, as evaluated by the students' parents, indicating that importance was higher than performance in 7 of the foodservice monitoring items. The highest item for both importance and performance was 'food preparation'. There were no differences between the importance and performance of the foodservice monitoring items, regardless of whether or not the students' parents had preliminary education, suggesting that the preliminary education of the students' parents was not effective so far. In conclusion, in order to maximize the effectiveness of students' parent foodservice monitoring programs, it is necessary that students' parents participate voluntarily and perform foodservice monitoring regularly. Also, the preliminary education should be offered prior to performing monitoring, considering the demands and the characteristic of the students' parents.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.117-123
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• 2009

This work was conducted to evaluate the effects of induced-molting methods on visceral organs and blood stress indicators in laying hens. One hundred fifty of 63-wk-old White Leghorn hens, with over 85% of egg production and $1.7\;{\pm}0.4\;kg$ of average weight, were used in this study. Treatments were control (non-molt treatment), feeding molt treatment (FM), and starving molt treatment (SM). There were 5 replicates of 10 hens for each treatment. All treatment groups were fed basal diet (15% CP and 2,700 kal/kg of ME) for two weeks as adaptation period. Heart weights were 8.2, 7.9 and 7.5 g in control, FM and SM, respectively. Liver and oviduct weights were decreased in both molting treatments compared with control (P<0.05). Corticosterone (CS) concentrations were 4.48, 4.47 and $4.66\;{\mu}g/mL$ in control, FM and SM at 61 weeks, respectively, but increased to 7.32, 7.11 and $7.71\;{\mu}g/mL$ at 62 weeks, respectively (P<0.05). Heterophil to lymphocyte ratios were 0.27~0.29 in all groups at 61 weeks, but increased to 0.97~1.03 in SM at 62 weeks. Both CS concentrations and H:L ratios in SM were greater compared with those for the other groups. These results suggest that hens in feeding molting program in hens are less stressed than those in starving molting one.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.200-221
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• 1995

The confusion of the sense of value on sex is increasing because of the rapid change in social-cultural environment. Also due to a rise in the standard of living, the age of adolescence is getting lower, and so the second sexual marks appear to primary schoolers. At this time in the aspect of the education for the whole man, it's very important for primary schoolers to acquire right knowledge and desirable attitude on sex so that can overcome psychological instability caused by physical growth, be responsible for their behaviors and lead happy lives. This study was made to find out the effects of sex education for the primary schoolers' knowledge and attitude about sex. The study was designed as simulated control group pretest-posttest design, which only pretest was practiced to control group and after sex education only posttest was practiced to experimental group. The data was collected for 18 days from March 13, 1995 to March 31, 1995. The subjects of this study were 130 six-graders in a private primary school in seoul. The control group and experimental group were composed of 65 pupils, each. Sex education consisted of lecture and discussion and the materials were this researcher's own made, 'How do I grow? and related OHP film and video. This education was practiced 40 minutes at a time, at intervals of 2-4 days' six times during 3weeks. For sex knowledge tools, 20 item questionaries on the base of related reference books and contents of this study were used. For sex attitude tools, this researcher's own made 13 item questionaries were used which were revised and complemented and laying stress on the reference books. The data was analyzed through pc-SAS program. The homogeneity test in terms of the general characteristics of experimental and control group was analyzed through $x^2$-test and t-test. And the difference in the primary schoolers' score on knowledge and attitude about sex before and after the sex education was analyzed through t-test and ANCOVA. The results of this study are as follows : 1. The result of the homogeneity test in terms of the general characteristics of the experimental and control group showed that there were significant differences in economic standard($x^2$=2.92, P=0.052) and brotherly ties($x^2$=3.78, P=0.052). 2. Hypothesis 'After sex education, the score of primary schoolers' sex knowledge will be higher than before. 'showed statistically significant difference.(t=11.99, P=.0001) Sex education was practiced under control over subjective view of economic standard and brotherly ties which showed significant difference at the homogeneity test in terms of the general characteristics between the two groups. After this education, the results of comparing the score of primary schoolers' sex knowledge also showed significant difference between the two groups. So hypothesis I was supported since primary schoolers to have education showed noticeable results in the sex knowledge score. (F=16.52, P=.0001) 3. Hypothesis 'After sex education, primary schooler's sex attitude score will be higher than before' showed statistically significant(t=5.08, P=.0001) Sex education was practiced, too, under control over subjective view of economic standard and brotherly ties which showed significant difference at the homogeneity test in terms of the general characteristics between the two groups. Bat this time the results of comparing the primary schoolers' sex attitude showed no significant difference between the two groups. So hypothesis II was rejected since for primary schoolers to have sex education showed no noticeable results in sex attitude score. (F=3.52, P=.0628) These results of the study show that sex education gives affirmative change to the primary schooler's sex knowledge, bat short periods' sex education doesn't give any change to the sex attitude. For the establishment of the pupils' desirable sex attitude, systematic and concrete sex education fit for the pupils' developing stage should be practiced over a long period of time.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.14-25
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• 2009

We live in an age which is exponentially growing as the knowledge paradigm is changing. New sites are subject to contemporary landscape architecture function as "fields" in which this hybrid aspect is both actively practiced and becoming a catalyst for change in the area of landscape architecture. With this as its background, this study attempts to deal with how the aspect of integration in environmental design is manifested. For this purpose, the tendencies for the discussion of integration in various fields of practice were examined: planning theories, urban theories, architecture, public environment, engineering, and landscape architecture. As yet, the discussions of interdisciplinary integration, which occur in practice in these respective fields, mainly tend to be oriented toward the effective implementation of the merits of other related fields. Seen from these examples of practice, integrated design approaches can be found in the following three aspects: design objects, respective professional areas, and methodologies of approaches and design. In terms of design objects, the positions of individual design subjects present themselves as most obvious, and integration or combination of the physical targets that come to exist through design can be easily seen. Most examples of integration turn out to be this, in almost every case of which the theme and the target of expression are integrated via a small number of certain methods. In terms of professional areas, what can be mainly evidenced is how the individual subject acts when the subject designs. The strong points of professionals from each field seem to create synergy, achieving through integration optimum results. In terms of methodologies of approaches and design, there are attempts to create integrated approaches as ways of effective decision-making, in which case the integration of all of the interest parties is of primary concern. As yet, few instances have been found in which integrated design has had enough strength to be seen as a concrete design methodology based on practical examples. However, it is encouraging that theoretical approaches and the necessity for integrated design have been identified from multiple perspectives, and that a practical movement such as landscape urbanism has come into active being. The authors of this study find this point in time to be ripe for discussions on integrated practices in terms of environmental design, on the basis of the synthetic approaches mentioned above.