• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2008.11b
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• pp.1782-1793
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• 2008

Republic of korea has begun operating high speed train service according as KTX service operation starts in 2004. Also, EMU whose maximum speed is over 150 kph will be starting to service with electrification and improvement of existing railroad. Moreover, metropolitan electric railways have begun an express service to increase scheduled speed. Therefore, running resistance of rolling stock becomes more important factor effects on the performance. Running resistance of rolling stock is the factor which is necessary for the performance or operation plan of rolling stock, and it's related to rolling friction, slip friction, drag force, gradient, acceleration, curvature, tunnel condition and so on. It is possible to be calculated by CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). However it is predicted by experimental equation from running resistance test because of the complex calculation and manifold variables. In this paper, studies about running resistance of rolling stock is introduced, and each term of experimental equation is studied through theoretical approximation. Also, running resistance of rolling stock is estimated by the result of running resistance test, and effects being related to friction, drag force, gradient is examined.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.447-451
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• 2008

This study was carried out to know the difference of vapor transmission on the thickness of Paulownia wood(Paulownia tomentosa). The behavior of moisture transmission of wood thickness direction is generally estimated by vapor permeability and vapor transmission resistance. In general, Paulownia wood is known to use of inside material for furniture making, because of the excellent ability of vapor adsorption and/or desorption. Quarter sawing Paulownia wood material is prepared and the thickness is 6.0mm, 7.0mm, 8.0mm, 9.0mm, 10.0mm, respectively. The measurement of vapor transmission were conducted by the "cup method" in accordance with JIS(Japanese Industrial Standard) Z-0208. The experiment was made in the condition of 49.8mmHg vapor pressure difference and $40^{circ}C$ at constant temperature. From the experiment results, it was considered that Paulownia wood is very stable on moisture variation and any other material conditions. In this experiment we found that the vapor permeability and vapor permeance was reduced with the increase of wood thickness to vapor direction and vapor transmission resistance and specific vapor transmission resistance was increased with the increase of wood thickness to vapor direction. Besides moisture contents of adsorption and desorption side were about 5 percent and 14 percent, respectively. Mean value was 9.5 percent and about 10 percent in dry oven method. Moisture gradient was reduced with the increase of wood thickness for a small moisture difference of adsorption and desorption side.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.591-602
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• 2018

This research presents an investigation on the thermal buckling resistance of FGM plates having parabolic-concave thickness variation exposed to uniform and gradient temperature change. An analytical formulation is derived and the governing differential equation of thermal stability is solved numerically using finite difference method. A specific function of thickness variation is introduced where it controls the parabolic variation intensity of the thickness without changing the original material volume. The results indicated that the loss ratio in buckling resistance is the same for any gradient temperature profile. Influencing geometrical and material parameters on the loss ratio in the thermal resistance buckling are investigated which may help in design guidelines of such complex structures.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.325-328
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• 2006

고분자 전해질 연료전지의 전극을 gradient catalyst coating 방법을 이용하여 제조하였다. 촉매 잉크제조 시 나피온 이오노머의 함침 구성비를 다르게 하여 조성 비율이 다른 gradient 구조를 갖도록 하여 전극을 제조하였다. Anode Cathode의 두 전극을 각각 나피온 함량비가 다른 두 개의 gradient 층구조의 촉매층으로 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4 비율의 조성비로 성능을 측정하였으며, 전극의 전기화학적 반응 면적을 알아보기 위해 순위전위법을 그리고 분극 저항(Polarization resistance) 변화를 알아보기 위해서는 0.7V에서 임피던스 측정법의 전기화학분석법으로 전극 제조법에 따른 성능변화를 확인하였다. 특히 Gradient catalyst coating 방법을 이용하여 제조한 MEA는 종래 방식의 MEA보다 high current $density(1000mA/cm^2)$이상에서 향상된 성능을 보였다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.596-601
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• 2014

In this study, driving efficiency and the safety of motorcycle drivers due to the mounting gradient of motorcycle protective glass are investigated through flow analysis. Mounting gradients of motorcycle protective glass in models 1, 2, and 3 are $60^{\circ}$, $70^{\circ}$, and $80^{\circ}$, respectively. Wind velocity of 100 km/h is applied to the protective glass installed at the front of each model. The flow resistance values of models 2 and 3 are 1.2 and 1.5 times, respectively, that of model 1. The driving efficiency of model 1 is the highest among the three models. Pressure to the driver's face in models 2 and 3 is 1.2 times higher than in model 1. Because the pressure to the driver's face in model 1, with mounting gradient of $60^{\circ}$, is the lowest among the three models, model 1 is the safest. This result can be applied to improve the safety of motorcycle drivers.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.296-303
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• 2020

Hop-resistant lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are well-known, major beer-spoilage bacteria. The hop-gradient agar containing ethanol (c-HGA+E) method has been used to examine hop-resistance of beer-spoilage LAB. However, the selection of beer-spoilage bacteria by the c-HGA+E method is either too selective or too inclusive. Furthermore, it is accompanied by a complicated experimental procedure, high-cost and time. To overcome these disadvantages, the modified hop-gradient agar with ethanol (m-HGA+E) method was developed. The most remarkable modifications were the shape of the petri dish and the inoculation method for bacteria. The efficiency and validation of the m-HGA+E approach were proven by the formation of colonies at different hop concentrations in the bottom layer, co-culture with the bacteriocin producer and by PCR detection of hop-resistant genes. This study demonstrated that m-HGA+E is a rapid, economical, and easy method to monitor potential hop-resistant beer-spoilage LAB during the beer brewing process.

• Interaction and multiscale mechanics
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2012

Considerable longitudinal rail forces and displacements may develop in continuous welded rail (CWR) track on long-span bridges due to temperature variations. The track stability may be disturbed due to excessive relative displacements between the sleepers and ballast bed and the accompanied reduction in frictional resistance. For high-speed tracks, however, solving these problems by installing rail expansion devices in the track is not an attractive solution as these devices may cause a local disturbance of the vertical track stiffness and track geometry which will require intensive maintenance. With reference to temperature, two actions are considered by the bridge loading standards, the uniform variation in the rail and deck temperature and the temperature gradient in deck. Generally, the effect of temperature gradient has been disregarded in the interaction analysis. This paper mainly deals with the effect of temperature gradient on the track-bridge interaction with respect to the support reaction, rail stresses and stability. The study presented in this paper was not mentioned in the related codes so far.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.61-66
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• 2017

The appropriate level of irrigation for turfgrasses is vital to the performance of the turfgrass as well as conservation of water. Linear gradient irrigation system (LGIS) facilitates long-term study of turf performance under continuous irrigation gradients at extreme ends of the irrigation scale. The objectives of this study were to: a) determine the minimum irrigation requirements and relative drought resistance in three warm season turfgrasses; and b) evaluate the medium to long-term effects of irrigation levels on turf persistence, weed invasion, and susceptibility to diseases. Results suggest that grasses differed in drought resistance and persistence under variable irrigation regimes. Irrigation (Ep) required for consistent acceptable turf quality for respective grasses was Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis (61%), Zoysia matrella L. Merr (73%), and Stenotaphrum secundatum 'Palmetto' (86%). Brown patch infection was most prevalent in Stenotaphrum secundatum 'Palmetto' at 12 and 125% Ep irrigation. Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis and Zoysia matrella L. Merr were better able to adapt to the various irrigation regimes, and this ability allowed these species to resist drought, and maintain turf coverage which in turn, kept weeds and the occurrence of diseases at bay. Ranking these grasses for their drought tolerance abilities showed that Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis had the most outstanding resistance against drought, followed by Zoysia matrella L. Merr, and lastly, Stenotaphrum secundatum 'Palmetto'. Despite having the highest irrigation requirement, Stenotaphrum secundatum 'Palmetto' was still not able to maintain persistence at high irrigation regimes. Likewise, this grass also lost turf coverage at low irrigation levels.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.169-178
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• 2010

The microbial community structure in Thailand soils contaminated with low and high levels of arsenic was determined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Band pattern analysis indicated that the bacterial community was not significantly different in the two soils. Phylogenetic analysis obtained by excising and sequencing six bands indicated that the soils were dominated by Arthrobacter koreensis and $\beta$-Proteobacteria. Two hundred and sixty-two bacterial isolates were obtained from arsenic-contaminated soils. The majority of the As-resistant isolates were Gramnegative bacteria. MIC studies indicated that all of the tested bacteria had greater resistance to arsenate than arsenite. Some strains were capable of growing in medium containing up to 1,500 mg/l arsenite and arsenate. Correlations analysis of resistance patterns of arsenite resistance indicated that the isolated bacteria could be categorized into 13 groups, with a maximum similarity value of 100%. All strains were also evaluated for resistance to eight antibiotics. The antibiotic resistance patterns divided the strains into 100 unique groups, indicating that the strains were very diverse. Isolates from each antibiotic resistance group were characterized in more detail by using the repetitive extragenic palindromic-PCR (rep-PCR) DNA fingerprinting technique with ERIC primers. The PCR products were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The genetic relatedness of 100 bacterial fingerprints, determined by using the Pearson product-moment similarity coefficient, showed that the isolates could be divided into four clusters, with similarity values ranging from 5-99%. Although many isolates were genetically diverse, others were clonal in nature. Additionally, the arsenic-resistant isolates were examined for the presence of arsenic resistance (ars) genes by using PCR, and 30% of the isolates were found to carry an arsenate reductase encoded by the arsC gene.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.62-73
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• 2001

This study was conducted to predict the tractive resistance for tree length logs being skidded by ground based logging machine. The mathematical models for predicting the tractive resistance of tree length log have been developed. The tractive resistance is expressed as a function of log weight, skidding coefficient, and ground gradient. The skidding coefficients for four species of Korean pine, Japanese larch, mongolian oak, and cork oak were determined under laboratory condition using universal testing machine and small soil bin, Three different tractive resistance models were applied to four species and compared with each other. The ratios (T/Wt) of skidding-line tensions to the skidding log weight increased linearly with increment in ground gradient. Semi-ground skidding generally required smaller tensions than ground skidding under given condition. Results of this study can be utilized as basic information for logging machine selection and power requirement of skidding winch.