• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.189-195
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• 2015

To determine the contents of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) for restaurant dishes, 194 cases classified 26 kinds of restaurant dishes were collected from restaurants in Seoul and were analysed using the atomic absorption spectroscopy. Average contents of Na and K in Kimchi among restaurant dishes were highest as $554.9{\pm}155.5mg/100g$, $225.1{\pm}69.1mg/100g$, while average contents of Na and K were lowest in Seolleongtang as $24.2{\pm}5.8mg/100g$, $12.7{\pm}3.9mg/100g$ respectively. The contents between Na and K in restaurant dishes had a strong correlation of positive linear judging from 0.782 (p-value < 0.01) of the correlation coefficient. The Na/K ratio of Bulgogi was appropriate as $1.17{\pm}0.44$, while those of Udon, banquet noodles, Kalguksu were very high as shown more than 10. The contents of Na and K were examined 5 dish groups as Gook/Tang, Jjigae/Jeongol, stir-fried dish, noodle and Kimchi. Average contents of Na and K classified by dish groups were significantly difference (p-value < 0.001). Average content of Na among dish groups was highest in Kimchi as $554.9{\pm}155.5mg/100g$ followed by Jjigae/Jeongol, Gook/Tang, stir-fried dish and noodle. Similar to Na content, average content of K was highest in Kimchi as $225.1{\pm}69.1mg/100g$ followed by stir-fried dish, Jjigae/Jeongol, Gook/Tang and noodle. The ratio of Na/K by classified groups of dishes was shown as significantly difference (p-value < 0.001). Stir-fried dish was $1.18{\pm}0.44$ close to 1 followed by Kimchi, Jjigae/Jeongol, Gook/Tang, and noodle.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.179-185
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• 2011

Neospora caninum is now recognized as one of the important causes of abortion in cattle worldwide, but there was no report on seroprevalence of antibodies to N. caninum in cattle at Seoul slaughtering center. Serum samples from 610 Korean indigenous cattle (Hanwoo) and 246 Holstein cattle from 452 farms located all over the country, Korea, were tested for N. caninum antibodies using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Seven of 610 (1.1%) Hanwoo and 54 of 246 (22.0%) Holstein cattle were seropositive.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.166-175
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• 2020

Background: The effect of dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant in the adductor canal block (ACB) and sciatic popliteal block (SPB) on the postoperative tramadol-sparing effect following spinal anesthesia has not been evaluated. Methods: In this randomized, placebo-controlled study, ninety patients undergoing below knee trauma surgery were randomized to either the control group, using ropivacaine in the ACB + SPB; the block Dex group, using dexmedetomidine + ropivacaine in the ACB + SPB; or the systemic Dex group, using ropivacaine in the ACB + SPB + intravenous dexmedetomidine. The primary outcome was a comparison of postoperative cumulative tramadol patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) consumption at 48 hours. Secondary outcomes included time to first PCA bolus, pain score, neurological assessment, sedation score, and adverse effects at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 60 minutes, as well as 4, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, and 48 hours after the block. Results: The mean ± standard deviation of cumulative tramadol consumption at 48 hours was 64.83 ± 51.17 mg in the control group and 41.33 ± 38.57 mg in the block Dex group (P = 0.008), using Mann-Whitney U-test. Time to first tramadol PCA bolus was earlier in the control group versus the block Dex group (P = 0.04). Other secondary outcomes were comparable. Conclusions: Postoperative tramadol consumption was reduced at 48 hours in patients receiving perineural or systemic dexmedetomidine with ACB and SPB in below knee trauma surgery.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.709-720
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• 2009

This study was conducted to identify daily caffeine intakes in beverages for elementary school children and to evaluate its effectiveness after nutrition education. The caffeine contents of 140 commercial beverages were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV) and information about their consumption were obtained by surveying 267 children. Researchers gave nutrition education to the children, who were 6 to 11 years old and attended 9 classes of 3 elementary schools, by lecture, Powerpoint file and moving picture. Their preference and intake amount on beverages were investigated by questionnaire before and after nutrition education. The order on caffeine contents was coffee ($33.8{\pm}2.4{\sim}49.1{\pm}5.6\;mg/100\;mL$)> coffee milk ($10.6{\pm}3.3\;mg/100\;mL$)> cola ($6.0{\pm}2.4\;mg/100\;mL$)> green black oolong tea drink ($6.0{\pm}2.4\;mg/100\;mL$)> chocolate milk and chocolate drink ($1.6{\pm}0.7{\sim}1.7\;mg/100\;mL$)> black ice tea mix ($1.3{\pm}1.7\;mg/100\;mL$). The order on children's preference was carbonated drink and fruit and vegetable drink (27%)> sports drink (26%)> processed cocoa mix (7%)> milk (6%)> vitamin & functional drink (3%)> green tea drink (2%)> black tea drink and coffee (1%). The average daily caffeine intakes except tea drink was $5.9{\pm}11.2$ mg/person/day ($0.17{\pm}0.32$ mg/kg bw/day), ranged from $0.0{\sim}80.5$ mg/person/day for children. The sources of caffeine were coffee 57% (3.4 mg/person/day), coffee milk 20% (1.2 mg/person/day), carbonated drink 15% (0.9 mg/person/day), chocolate milk and chocolate drink 6% (0.4 mg/person/day), and vitamin & functional drink 2% (0.1 mg/person/day). After nutrition education, the preference of carbonated drink, coffee, vitamin drinks & functional drink was decreased significantly (p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.01) and the intakes of carbonated drink, chocolate milk & chocolate drink, and vitamin & functional drink were also decreased significantly (p<0.01, p<0.05, p<0.01). This study has shown that nutrition education influences the preference and the intake behavior of caffeinated beverages.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.87-91
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• 2015

Eight minerals (Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na and Zn) were determined in Schizandra chinensis fruits and their infusions in Seoul. The average mineral contents per Schizandra chinensis fruits (100 g) were K (966.08 mg), Mg (87.20 mg), Ca (15.19 mg), Mn (6.19 mg), Fe (3.99 mg), Zn (2.78 mg), Na (2.15 mg) and Cu (0.31 mg) respectively by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer. The quantity of K and Zn were found significantly higher in Korean fruits than the Chinese fruits (p < 0.05). The other 6 minerals did not reveal remarkable difference. In the case of processed Schizandra chinensis tea, it had K (217 mg), Mg (20.40 mg), Ca (7.16 mg), Na (2.95 mg), Mn (1.34 mg), Fe (0.95 mg), Zn (0.25 mg) and Cu (0.09 mg) per 100 g respectively. In extraction of Schizandra chinensis fruits, as it took a longer extraction time, and in a powder form rather than a raw form, it had a higher contents of minerals. When a powder type of Schizandra chinensis fruits was extracted for 24 hours at $25^{\circ}C$, the transfer rate appeared with Ca (36.27%), Mn (25.44%), K (22.43%), Zn (21.00%), Na (19.91%), Mg (19.55%) Cu (13.78%) and Fe (6.45%) respectively.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.3 no.2 s.5
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• pp.91-98
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• 1988

This study was carried out to investigate the Pollution of heavy metals in Soil, collected from the 50 sampling sites in 1986. The results were as follows; 1. In the average contents of Cd, the highest value was 0.33mg/kg in the Industrial area, the lowest value was 0.06 mg/kg in the Greenbelt and 0.10-0.22mg/kg in the other areas. 2. In the average contents of Cu, the highest value was 33.46mg/kg in the Industrial area, the lawest value was 3.79mg/kg in the Greenbelt and 4.69-12.21mg/kg in the other areas. 3. In the average contents of As, the highest value was 1.80mg kg in the Residential area, the lowest value was 0.43mg/kg in the Greenbelt and 0.64-1.65mg/kg in the other areas. 4. In the average contents of Zn, the highest value was 29.84mg/kg in the out wall of Seoul, the lowest value was 17.32mg/kg in the Greenbelt and 19.62-26.71mg/kg in the other areas. 5. In the average contents of Pb, the highest value was 17.09mg/kg in the Industrial area, the lowest value was 5.21mg/kg in the Reclamated waste and 5.67 -14.10mg/kg in the other areas. 6. Distribution of Heavy metals was Zn>Cu>Pb>As>Cd and the relations of Zn-Cd, Pb-Cd, Pb-Cu, Pb-Zn were shown the correlation significantly (P< 0.01).

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.10
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• pp.979-985
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• 2010

This study was performed to detect enterococci strain as an indicator of faecal contamination, to identify of 16S rDNA sequence and vancomycin resistance by MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) test from drinking spring-water samples in Seoul. The detection frequency of enterococci was 42 (19.8%) among 212 samples, and its concentration was ranged from 0 to 110 CFU/100 mL. These results were confirmed the possibility as an indicator microorganisms that similar to the frequency of E. coli detection (t test p-value 0.268, significant level 0.05). Isolated 56 enterococci samples were identified by 16S rDNA sequence data and their NCBI BLAST searching. They were identified to Enterococcus faecalis of 24 samples, E. faecium (10), E. casseliflavus (10), E. gallinarum (3), E. hirae (2), E. durans (2), E. sanguinicola (1). E. faecalis was dominant species that clinical case report of a domestic was similar. Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) of 53 samples showed that vanB and vanC1/C2 type with 2 and 12 case, respectively. These results indicated that the drinking spring-water quarantined to fecal pollution for block out outbreak of gastrointestinal symptom with using such as disinfection process.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.55-62
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• 1994

This study was carried out to determine the sulfamethazine residues in liver and kidney of chickens. For this experiment total 80 samples of livers and kidneys were collected at random 4 points(east area 2, west area 2) meat markets in Kyong-nam area 2 and were analysed by HPLC system. The results were as follows : 1. The average concentration of sulfamethazine residues in liver and kidney were 0.056 ppm and 0.035 ppm, respectively, the sulfamethazine residues in chicken tissue was higher in liver than kidney. 2. The sulfamethazine residues of livers were exceed 0.1 ppm in three samples and no samples were exceed than 0.1 ppm in kidney. 3. No sulfamethazine residues in liver and kidney were 14 and 25 samples respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.613-623
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• 2013

This study is purposed to evaluate the airborne asbestos concentrations in life environment surroundings in Seoul. In study, we investigated airborne asbestos concentrations in thirteen subway stations, four monitoring networks and each vicinity roadside, six stream surroundings, four tunnels quarterly and we also investigated relationship between the airborne asbestos concentrations and ambient temperature in monitoring networks and time-based airborne asbestos concentration variability for two typical monitoring networks, two subway stations transferred and used by lots of people through Phase Contrast Microscopy (PCM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The airborne asbestos concentrations by PCM for 4 objects of study were less than the detection limit (7 fiber/$mm^2$) in 111 (50%) out of 223 samples. The highest concentration was 0.0130 f/cc. But additional TEM analysis result for samples exceeding the guideline value for indoor air quality (0.01 f/cc) proposed by the Ministry of Environment (Korea), no asbestos was detected. Similarly TEM analysis result for 124 samples, no asbestos was detected. The average airborne asbestos concentrations by PCM in subway stations, monitoring networks, streams and tunnels were $0.0041{\pm}0.0027$ f/cc, $0.0015{\pm}0.0011$ f/cc, $0.0024{\pm}0.0012$ f/cc and $0.0016{\pm}0.0020$ f/cc. All objects of study were satisfied with the guideline value for indoor air quality. The relationship between the airborne asbestos concentrations and ambient temperature in monitoring networks was generally positive correlation (r = 0.660). The higher ambient temperature was and the more transient population was, the airborne asbestos concentrations by time for two subway stations were increased. While the airborne asbestos concentrations for two monitoring networks showed no variation pattern according to time.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.315-321
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• 2009

Under-fired charbroiling cooking processes are known as important contributors of particulate matter (PM). In this study, we characterized the emission of particulate matters from under-fired charbroiling cooking processes using the hood method. Accumulated mass concentration of $PM_{10}$ was 92.2~99.5% and particle size of 2.0~2.5 ${\mu}m$ was highest. The concentration of PM increased very sharply at the beginning of charbroiling meats and then gradually decreased as the charbroiling continued. PM concentration also increased very sharply when gravy from meat spilled onto the frame of fire. However, mass concentration during charbroiling using only charcoals was very low compared to that of meats. We estimated the emission factors of charcoal, pork belly and pork shoulder respectively; 0.01~0.02 g/kg, 5.02~6.26 g/kg, 2.86~4.15 g/kg of $PM_{2.5}$, 0.01~0.03 g/kg, 7.44~7.91 g/kg, 4.54~5.56 g/kg of $PM_{10}$, and 0.02~0.05 g/kg, 7.59~7.95 g/kg, 4.93~5.68 g/kg of TSP. The emission factors of charcoal were negligible and the emission factors of pork belly were higher than that of pork shoulder. Emission rates of particulate matters from under-fired charbroiling cooking process were estimated as 578,009~1,265,152 kg/yr of $PM_{2.5}$, 917,539~1,598,619 kg/yr of $PM_{10}$ and 996.358~1,606,703 kg/yr of TSP. But emission factors should be verified with an in-stack cascade impactor because the reported method involves some assumptions.