• Journal of architectural history
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• v.14 no.4 s.44
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• pp.41-58
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• 2005

This study was started under the judgement that reviewing $\ulcorner$A Survey Report of Korean Architecture$\lrcorner$, which contains photographs and drawings by Sekino Tadashi and which was also made under the order of the Japanese government(1902), would make it possible to consider in detail the status of Korean buildings in the period of the Korean Empire. The focus of the study. was put on three main parts of the temple, especially the central parts. The photographs and drawings as mentioned above showed that changes in the layout of buildings in the central part of the temple were made between the period of the Korean Empire and that of Japanese occupation. Thus the purpose of the study is to investigate when changes in building layout in the central part of the temple were made and what made such changes to be caused, obtaining information necessary for future changes in the precincts of the temple. Results of the study can be summarized as follows. First, 'Seonchal Daebonsan Beomeosa feonkeongdo' and 'Gyeongsangnamdo Dongraegun Beomeosa Geonmul Jeondo' were made in a same period. While, 'Chosun Gojeok Dobo', published by the government-general of Chosun, was a collection of photographs taken by Sekino Tadashi for about 30 years from 1902 to 1933 under the order of the Japanese government. But there were few changes in the building layout of the temple shown in the three materials. Second, one of the photographs and drawings made since 1933, not contained in 'Chosun Gojeok Dobo', and discovered by this researcher was 'Seonchal Daebonsan Beomeosa Annae' which was published by the temple itself after national independence from the period of Japanese occupation, indicating the main reason of changes in building layout as mentioned above. In conclusion, the layout of buildings of the temple began to be changed on a large scale, with so-called 'Cheyongseol' ignored, when Buddhist monk Cha Woon Ho established a 7-storied sarira tower to the left of the main building in the center of the upper part in 1936. In addition, the axis line connecting between Hwaeomjong and Seonjong was also changed at that time.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.1-13
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• 2003

This study aims at conducting an awareness survey of three parties, namely, citizens, government officials, and developers for improvement of urban landscape and, based on the survey result, to suggest a direction to develop a landscape plan for improvement of urban landscape of Yong-in city in the future. The summary of this study is as follows. First, in case of Yong-in, the main drivers of forest landscape destruction were "residential complexes developed for apartment buildings" and "golf courses", the driver of river landscape damage was "the status of cleanliness of riverside and poor facilities", the driver of roadside landscape damage was "construction sites" that completely eliminate original natural landscape in both citizen and government official groups. When granting development-related approvals in the future, appropriate actions should be prepared such as developing a landscape management guideline or including a landscape plan in advance to assure plans and designs fully reflecting landscape. Second, citizens' commitment to participate in urban landscape creation and improvement was rated high at even willing to tolerate regulations including restriction of property rights. In the future, landscape improvement programs allowing resident participation should be developed proactively. The roles of government officials include preparing various criteria at a city level and convincing and guiding citizens to initiate landscape improvement project together with citizens and developers through proactive efforts by government officials. Third, the role of developers would be to realize development projects conserving local environment and/or harmonizing with local natural environment before preparing a development plan or launching construction rather than offering various considerations after executing development projects.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.569-579
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• 2011

This study evaluated the indoor air quality of 26 government offices located in Seoul. The pollutant samples were taken from Jan. 13th to Jan. 29th and Feb. 20th to Feb. 23rd, 2010 in the offices. The target indoor pollutants for this study were $PM_{10}$, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, total bacteria counts, total volatile organic compounds, radon, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and asbestos which were controlled by the indoor air quality law for the multiple-use facilities management. The results of this study showed that some pollutants of the 38.5% offices exceeded the standards of the air quality guideline. The correlation analysis of the same pollutants between indoor and outdoor represented that $NO_2$ (r=0.629, p<0.05) and $O_3$ (r=0.459, p<0.01) were significant, however, $PM_{10}$ and CO were not. The correlation analysis between different pollutants showed that CO and TVOC (total volatile organic compounds: r=0.724; p<0.01), CO and $NO_2$ (r=0.674; p<0.01), HCHO and humidity (r=0.605; p<0.01), $CO_2$ and TVOC (r=0.534; p<0.01), TBC (total bacteria counts) and Asbestos (r=0.520; p<0.01) were significant. The energy-saving system of government buildings in winter caused under-ventilated and poor air quality. This study suggests that the concentrations of radon and $CO_2$ should be used as an indicator for monitoring indoor air quality and maintaining effective ventilations.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.733-753
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• 2022

Korean government established the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) in 2015. After revising in 2019, the government updated an enhanced target at the end of last year. When the NDC is addressed, the emission targets of each sector, such as power generation, industry, and buildings, are also set. This paper analyzes the emission target of each sector by applying a claims problem or bankruptcy problem developed from cooperative game theory. The five allocation rules from a claims problem are introduced and the properties of each rule are considered axiomatically. This study applies the five rules on allocating carbon emission by sector under the NDC target and compares the results with the announced government target. For the power generation sector, the government target is set lower than the emissions allocated by the five rules. On the other hand, the government target for the industry sector is higher than the results of the five rules. In other sectors, the government's targets are similar to the results of the rule that allocates emissions in proportion to each claim.

• Architectural research
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2020

From 1990s to the present, in China, residential communities has developed rapidly in terms of government policies and living environments. With economic development, dwelling commercialization and socialization gradually reshaped the housing distribution system and local government management in Chinese urban area. After this process, dwellings were endowed with commodity attributes, which were planned and designed depending on residents' requirements of life. During the 30 years of social transformation, Chinese citizens' lifestyle also had huge changes. In this period, the forms of residential area improved constantly to keep pace with social development. This study aims to research the features of contemporary communities and survey citizens' lifestyle changes to find the reasons of the evolution of communities. Moreover, in this paper, there is a clear explanation of the reasons why gated communities are popular in Chinese urban area. In addition, comprehensive data analysis is derived from a questionnaire administered in Shanghai, China. In this part, the questionnaire surveys what factors about lifestyle influence the transformation of living environments and residential buildings. The results of survey show that residents have housing preferences dependent on their lifestyles, and their daily needs related with environmental features.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2014.05a
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• pp.186-187
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• 2014

The principal government building of Kyungsanbuk-do was designed to show korean traditional architecture with tile-roofed house to reflect the image of Kyungsangbuk-do as the province of traditional culture. The roof of korean traditional architecture is the most importanat part that distinguishes the design character of a building and is important to determine degree of completion. As this is so, in the design phase, we reviewes the design documents about the proportional and slope of the roof, durability and sizes of component material and the structure of eaves. In the construction phase, it was required to cooperated with specialists of traditional architecture for realization of traditional beauty of the buildings as designed.

• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.348-353
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• 2011

Recently the renewable energy has been used widely and the importance of renewable sources is bigger than before. So the government enforced a law to the public buildings to install the renewable energy facilities. The capacity of facilities is 5% of total construction cost until April 13, 2011. Since then, the government changed the law from 5% of total construction cost to 10% of predicted energy usage because of the practical use of the renewable energy facilities. So, in this study, the comparative analysis is conducted according to the law to the building installed PV system through the EnergyPlus simulation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2015.05a
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• pp.113-114
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• 2015

Throughout the world, energy sector is increasing in importance. Reflecting this situation, the government has introduced an energy efficiency rating system for buildings. In particular, the government is planning to introduce the energy evaluator examination system. In this study will want to analyze the relevant sectoral perception for the energy evaluator through expert interviews and surveys. The research results are expected to contribute to the rational management of the energy evaluator system.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2004.06a
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• pp.380-385
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• 2004

Railway stations are functional buildings. Their primarily role is to help passengers or freights complete their trip safely, easily, comfortably, and to improve the railway operating system. However, some urban stations are lately taking the form of what is called a station complex, and some regional stations are being constructed together with local public facilities. Roles of railway station are changing. Therefore, meeting user, railway operator, local resident, and government needs, roles of railway station would include multi-functional complex, high quality terminal, community center.

• Journal of the Korean Professional Engineers Association
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.52-54
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• 2005

Korean metropolises are choked by lack of green space to attain the limit of horizontal expansion. The alternative plan is trying total expansion that the green zone and road are made from the rest site by high-rise buildings. And high-rise building can solve indiscriminate development to attain the limit situation. The building of landmark can be the image of the nation and the pride of the citizen. The relaxing the height restriction of government can be whole nation's interests. Appearing high-rise building in overpopulated city is the subject of a generation and this trend cannot be avoided.