• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.86 no.2
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• pp.200-207
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• 1997

The throughfall, stemflow and precipitation interception during the period of May to November 1995 were compared between three stands of Pinus koraiensis, Larix leptolepis and Quercus species stand growing at Kwangju-Gun, Kyunggi-Do. The total amount of precipitation during the period in the study area was 1,821mm, higher than average precipitation. The amount of interception showed 21.8% of the total precipitation in Quercus stand, whereas 15.7 and 19.4 in P. koraiensis and L. leptolepis stands, respectively. Precipitation leached on forest floor was occupied mainly by throughfall for all the stands, and it was specially higher in P. koraiensis stand. The amount of stemflow was appeared higher in Quercus stand(5.0%) than P. koraiensis stand(1.1%) or L. leptolepis stand(1.1%). The relationship between throughfall or stemflow and total precipitation in all the stands were highly significant.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.86 no.2
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• pp.208-213
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• 1997

Tree form characteristics and biomass distribution and volume increment for Quercus spp., Larix leptolepis and Pinus koraiensis growing in Kwangju-Gun, Kyunggi-Do were investigated. P. koraiensis showed higher crown percentage than L. leptolepis, indicating that P. koraiensis maybe shade-tolerant species. Biomass allocation by tree height showed significant difference among three species. Stem biomass distributed more dimminishing along tree height with Quercus spp. and P. koraiensis than L. leptolepis. The allometric pattern of leaf-and branch biomass appeared as normal distribution. Present biomass was highest in L. leptolepis showing 171.1tons/ha and followed by P. koraiensis and Quercus spp, with 75.3tons/ha and 61.6tons/ha, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.74 no.1
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• pp.82-87
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• 1986

Noticed that large number of the Korean white pine (Pinus koraiensis S. et Z.) has lost its typical excurrent tree from by removal of apical shoot in the process of cone harvesting, the investigation and analysis for the species were made on the basis of the relationship among DBH, total height, merchantable height, and merchantable volume, compared with normally grown Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis Gordon). One hundred sample trees for each species were selected in the same aged stands for the study. Results have indicated that the pine has shown abnormal height growth pattern mainly by the disturbance of external artificial force. The pine's forked and/or crooked stems by the reason lave led the result of less merchantable volume in the same DBH classes. Consequently, the pine would have undesirable tree form in terms of timber production, unless free from apical shoot disturbances. Considered to the merit of the Korean white pine that can produce timber and pine nuts, management alternatives for the pine stand were suggested to achieve maximum rate of return for the silvicultural investment.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.279-294
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to determine values and value changes in clinical nurses in clinical situations. A survey was conducted of 200 nurses of one of university hospital in Seoul Korea. This study was conducted between July 1 and July 5, 1994, using the Survey of Interpersonal Values (SIV) developed by L. V. Gordon, and standardized for Korea by Kyung Hye Lee & Eung Yun Hwang. The results of the study were as follows, 1. The clinical nurses surveyed showed Independence(18.32 : 63rd percentile) as their highest value, with Support(14.8 : 62nd percentile) next and then Benevolence(16.28 53rd percentile), Leadership(9.06 : 46th percentile), Conformity(18.15 : 42nd percentile) and Recognition(18.32 : 41s1 percentile) in that order in the area of general values. Using a standardised women's value Indicator, the clinical nurses value orientation was within the 32nd∼69th percentile indicating means found among Korean women in general. 2. Looking at how the values were related to demographics, Leadership was most highly valued among the 30∼34 year olds and least valued among the 25∼29 year olds. Unmarried nurses valued Independence more than married nurses did, and junior college graduate nurses valued Conformity more than baccalaureate graduate nurses did. 3. The study showed that the values of with less than one year (16.00) clinical experience were higher than those who had over 10 years (13.60) clinical experience (p<.05). Therefore clinical experience did not positively influence value orientation for clinical nurses. 4. There was no significant differences in the value of nurses in relation to their workplace, their level of motivation, or their aptitude. The study shows that clinical nurses have similar values compared with ordinary Korean women. This means that professional nurses may not be able to satisfy client needs and also that they do not have satisfaction and a positive attitude regarding the nursing profession. Therefore it is suggested that new strategies and continuing education programs be established to help clinical nurses fomulate higher values.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.223-227
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• 2017

Background Carpal tunnel release is one of the most common surgical procedures performed by hand surgeons. The authors created a surgical simulation of open carpal tunnel release utilizing a mobile and rehearsal platform app. This study was performed in order to validate the simulator as an effective training platform for carpal tunnel release. Methods The simulator was evaluated using a number of metrics: construct validity (the ability to identify variability in skill levels), face validity (the perceived ability of the simulator to teach the intended material), content validity (that the simulator was an accurate representation of the intended operation), and acceptability validity (willingness of the desired user group to adopt this method of training). Novices and experts were recruited. Each group was tested, and all participants were assigned an objective score, which served as construct validation. A Likert-scale questionnaire was administered to gauge face, content, and acceptability validity. Results Twenty novices and 10 experts were recruited for this study. The objective performance scores from the expert group were significantly higher than those of the novice group, with surgeons scoring a median of 74% and medical students scoring a median of 45%. The questionnaire responses indicated face, content, and acceptability validation. Conclusions This mobile-based surgical simulation platform provides step-by-step instruction for a variety of surgical procedures. The findings of this study help to demonstrate its utility as a learning tool, as we confirmed construct, face, content, and acceptability validity for carpal tunnel release. This easy-to-use educational tool may help bring surgical education to a new- and highly mobile-level.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.47-55
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• 1996

UV transmission spectra of water-soluble acrylic resin films containing hydroxybenzophenolic, hydroxyphenylbenzotriazolic UV absorber and HALS(hindered amine light stabilizer) were investigated by exposure time(before exposure weathered for 160 and 320hours) in QUV Weather-Ometer. Also the YID(yellowness index difference), LID(lightness index difference) and CD(color difference) of dried water-soluble acrylic resin films and the coated woods of Larix leptolepis were analyzed by addition level of UV absorber(0, 1, 2 and 3%) and HALS(0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5%) and by exposure time in QUV Weather-Ometer. They showed no significant effects on UV transmission spectra of dried water-soluble acrylic resin films in the range of 300 to 400nm irrespective of exposure time. However, UV transmission decreased as increase of exposure time. UV transmission spectra were lower in dried water-soluble acrylic resin films containing hydroxybenzophenolic UV absorber and HALS than in these containing hydroxyphenylbenzotriazolic UV absorber and HALS in the range of 350 to 400nm. The least YID, LID and CD in the coated woods of Larix leptolepis appeared at the addition level of 3%, based on non-volatile content, in hydroxybenzophenolic and hydroxyphenylbenzotriazolic UV absorber, and of 1.5% in HALS to water-soluble acrylic resin.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.273-273
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• 1996

Recently a novel in vivo approach in dogs, using a regional segmental intestinal perfusion technique, has been developed. The perfusion tube consists of a highly sophisticated multichannel tube with two inflatable occluding balloons, which are placed in 10cm apart. The tube was introduced orally from the stomach through the upper jejunum under the guidance of solid-state pH meter. In the present study, four healthy dogs were infused in the proximal jejunum on two periods. The two perfusion experiments used the same flow rate, 2 $m\ell$/min, and the same perfusion solution to determine the intrasubject variability. The mean (${\pm}$ S. E.) fractions of ranitidine absorbed calculated from the perfusion data were 21.32${\pm}$2.01% (n=3) (1st period), 27.88 ${\pm}$ 17.54% (n=4) (2nd period), respectively. The effective permeabilities (Peffs${\times}$10$\^$4/) of ranitidine were 1.51${\pm}$0.47cm/sec (n=3) (1st period), 1.50 ${\pm}$ 0.31 cm/sec (n=4) (2nd period), respectively. The pH and osmolarity of perfusion solution were 7.50 ${\pm}$ 0.03 and 300 ${\pm}$ 0.06 mOsm/L, There was no significant intrasubject variation. Mixing equilibrium (steady-state) was reached at about 50 min. l-Phenylalanine was absorbed almost completely. Intrinsic intestinal wall permeability of ranitidine showed low permeable characteristics, suggesting permeability-limited absorption. The absorption of 1-phenylalanine, an actively transported nutrient, was not inhibited by ranitidine. The low intestinal membrane permeability is one of the important factors responsible for the variable oral absorption of ranitidine. Supported by FDA Grant FD01462-04 and KOSEF Grant.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.1127-1139
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• 2018

A reduced particle-unscented Kalman filter estimation method, along with a splice-equivalent circuit model, is proposed for the state-of-charge estimation of an aeronautical lithium-ion battery pack. The linearization treatment is not required in this method and only a few sigma data points are used, which reduce the computational requirement of state-of-charge estimation. This method also improves the estimation covariance properties by introducing the equilibrium parameter state of balance for the aeronautical lithium-ion battery pack. In addition, the estimation performance is validated by the experimental results. The proposed state-of-charge estimation method exhibits a root-mean-square error value of 1.42% and a mean error value of 4.96%. This method is insensitive to the parameter variation of the splice-equivalent circuit model, and thus, it plays an important role in the popularization and application of the aeronautical lithium-ion battery pack.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.157-159
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• 2003

Much of northern Asia is lacking in high-resolution palaeoclimatic data coverage. This vast region thus represents a sizeable gap in data sets used to reconstruct hemispheric-scale temperature trends for the past millennium. To improve coverage, we present a regional-scale composite of four tree-ring width records of Siberian pine and Siberian larch from temperature-sensitive alpine timber-line sites in Mongolia. The chronologies load closely in principal components analysis (PCA) with the first eigenvector accounting for over 53% of the variance from ad 1450 to 1998. The 20-year interval from 1974 to 1993 is the highest such growth period in this composite record, and 17 of the 20 highest growth years have occurred since 1946. Thus these trees, unlike those recently described at some northern sites, do not appear to have lost their temperature sensitivity, and suggest that recent decades have been some of the warmest in the past 500 years for this region. There are, however, comparable periods of inferred, local warmth for individual sites, e.g., in 1520-1580 and 1760-1790. The percent common variance between chronologies has increased through time and is highest (66.1%) in the present century. Although there are obvious differences among the individual chronologies, this result suggests a coherent signal which we consider to be related to temperature. The PCA scores show trends which strongly resemble those seen in recent temperature reconstructions for the Northern Hemisphere, very few of which included representation from Eurasia east of the Ural Mountains. The Mongolia series therefore provides independent corroboration for these reconstructions and their indications of unusual wanning during the twentieth century.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.55-61
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• 2003

In the year 2000 we culminated a successful five year investigation of climate change by completing a preliminary east-west transect across Mongolia. An earlier tree-ring study at Tarvagatay Pass, Mongolia indicated unusual warming during the 20th century similar to other paleo-investigations of the northern hemisphere. This record had represented one of the few tree-ring records for central Asia. New data from several sites in western Mongolia confirmed the preliminary temperature. The highest twenty-year growth period for the composite record is from 1973-1994. The western Mongolian record was significantly correlated with the Taimyr Peninsula and two northern hemisphere temperature reconstructions reflecting large-scale temperature patterns while showing some important regional differences. These differences should prove useful for climate models. We have also developed a millennial length temperature-sensitive record at the Solongotyin Davaa site (formerly Tarvagatay Pass) using relict wood and living trees. Conspicuous features over the last 1000 years are a century scale temperature decline punctuated by the end of the Little Ice Age in the late-1800s and 20th century warming. The record also shows a cold period early in the 12th century and warm intervals late in the 10th, early in the 15th and at end of the 18th centuries. Despite a limited sample size before 900 AD, the long Solongotyin Davaa record is useful in indicating severe cold events and suggests some cold intervals nearly as severe. These tree ring series, spanning much of the circumpolar northern treeline, have been compiled to create a long-term reconstruction of the Earth's temperature over centuries. The new chronology, in addition to its value as a detailed record of Mongolian climate, provides independent corroboration for such hemispheric and global reconstructions and their indications of unusual warming during the 20th century.