• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.1076-1079
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• 2002

The DNA fingerprint polymorphism and the genetic relationship were studied by RAPD technology on Chaidamu goat (CG), Chaidamu Cashmere goat (CCG) and Liaoning Cashmere goat (LCG) from Chaidamu Basin of Qinghai province, China. The results showed that: The amplified bands were all 94 in 3 goat populations by using 8 random primers, and the DNA polymorphism frequencies of CG, CCG and LCG were 0.8404, 0.8617 and 0.8511, respectively, and the length of these DNA fragments were 176-2937 bp. The mean heterozygosities of the 3 goat populations were 0.5148, 0.5142 and 0.5075, respectively. The genetic relationship between CCG and CG or LCG were similar (Gst=4.37% and 3.79%; $D_{ij}=0.0109$ and 0.0106), and that between CG and LCG was further (Gst=13.14%; $D_{ij}=0.0230$). These results also showed that the genetic relationship between CCG and LCG was the closest, then CG and LCG, and CG and CCG was distant.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.420-422
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• 2004

This study was to demonstrate a rapid novel method for detection of adulterated cow milk in goat milk using modified staining protocol after native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Samples of cow milk and goat milk containing 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% (v/v) of cow milk were analyzed. Low levels of cow milk mixed in goat milk were identified by the presence of higher mobility of $\beta$-lactoglobulin A ($\beta$-Lg A) in cow milk. By mini-gel electrophoresis, a distinguishable protein profile was visualized in 25 min using the modified Coomassie blue staining solution, in which methanol (50%) was replaced with ethanol (20%) and the concentrations of Coomassie blue and acetic acid were reduced from 2 to 0.13% and 10 to 5%, respectively. To visualize the milk proteins, gels in the staining solution were water-bathed in boiling water for 5 min and then cooled down immediately for 3-5 min. The sensitivity of this method is relatively high, allowing examination of 1% cow milk in goat milk. The procedure presented here is also very cost-effective due to less reagents needed. This simplified method would be useful and applicable to dairy industry for routine examination of goat milk.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.290-294
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• 2002

The frequencies of gamma-ray-induced micronuclei (MN) in cytokinesis-blocked (CB) lymphocytes at several doses were measured in three donors of Korean native cattle and Korean native goat. Measurements performed after irradiation showed a dose-related increases in MN frequency in each of the donors studied. When analysed by linear-quadratic model the line of best fit was cattle : y : 0.1016D +$0.0118D^2$+0.0147, goat : y = 0.1353D +$0.0043D^2$+0.0087 (y : number of MN/CB cells and D = irradiation dose in Gy). The relative sensitivity of goat lymphocytes compared with cattle lymphocytes was estimated by best fitting linear-quadratic model based on the radiation-induced MN data over the range from 0 Gy to 4 Gy. In the case of MN frequency with 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8, the relative sensitivities of goat lymphocytes were 1.106. 1.166. 1.140, 1.069 and 0.976 respectively. Our in vitro radiobiological study confirmed that the cytogenetic response obtained in blood from cattle and goat can be utilized for application in environmental studies.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.19-22
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• 1964

The alcohol precipitation test(APT) is widely used in the inspection of cow milk, whereas the APT in goat milk inspection is not specifically known. The APT is used to determine the precipitating ability of milk by heat used in sterilization and evaporating process at the milk plant. The APT may also be used to detect abnormal milks such as acid milk, colostrum, and any milk in which the salt balance is disturbed so that it may be more subject to precipitation than normal milk. In the experiments the applicability of the APT of goat milk was studied. The results obtained by using 87 sample of goat milk are as follows: 1. As all the fresh samples(100%) were APT positive by using 70% ethanol which is used in the practice of cow milk and 3 out of 87 samples(3.7%) were positive by using 45% ethanol, it is suggested that 45% ethanol may be applied in the APT of goat milk. 2. The distribution of natural acidity (apparent acidity) was between 0.12%-0.30% and the amount of natural acidity did not significantly affect the precipitating ability of goat milk by APT. 3. The freshness of goat milk cannot be detected sharply by APT even though 45% ethanol is applied.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.693-702
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• 2021

The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity and distance of the Korean native black goat line. Thus far, this Korean native black goat line has not been studied intensively, especially in genetic diversity and relationship studies in comparison with other breeds. In total, eleven microsatellite (MS) markers were used to evaluate alleles from 391 Korean native black goats and foreign hybrid animals. The genetic diversity index was evaluated based on the allele distributions. Four Korean native black goat lines showed expected ranges of observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity, and polymorphism information content (PIC) values for use in genetic diversity research (0.509 - 0.643, 0.434 - 0.623 and 0.356 - 0.567). Lines from the Korean native black goat and foreign hybrid were clearly separated according to principal coordinates analysis (PCoA), phylogenetic tree and tended to be clustered in each Korean native black goat line. Thus, this study can be used for analyzing the genetic relationships between Korean native black goats and foreign breeds for line preservation and for fundamental information to determine breed improvement strategies.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.39-45
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• 2006

There has been a successful re-entry in the form of infant foods and as a product concept of "well-being" milk by feeding goat natural medicinal plants in high mountain lands and goats eating natural feeds. Typical composition of cow's milk and goat's milk are not significantly differ in major nutritional constituents. However, the noticeable differences between milks of the bovine and caprine species concern in the dimensions of the micelles, in casein composition, in size of the micelles and in the mineral charge of the micelle, but the ratio Ca/Pi in the micelle is very close for the two species The potential market in Korea could be expected to expand by keeping its freshness and nutritional benefits. The supply of goat milk products all year around is also an important to the consumers. In order to increase its market scale of goat milk, product manufacturers need extensive advertising promotion. Domestically, goat milk is currently manufactured at small scale dairy goat milk companies and consumed mainly in the form of fresh or fermented goat milk, while imported goat milk powder is used to produce infant goat milk formula by major dairy companies. Decreasing the unpleasant goaty flavour for the Korean consumers would be essential for the researchers who work for dairy science and technology.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.10
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• pp.1501-1510
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• 2019

Objective: An experiment was conducted to evaluate genetic diversity of 26 Chinese indigenous goats by 30 microsatellite markers, and then to define conservation priorities to set up the protection programs according to the weight given to within- and between-breed genetic diversity. Methods: Twenty-six representative populations of Chinese indigenous goats, 1,351 total, were sampled from different geographic regions of China. Within-breed genetic diversity and marker polymorphism were estimated calculating the mean number of alleles, observed heterozygosities, expected heterozygosities, fixation index, effective number of alleles and allelic richness. Conservation priorities were analyzed by statistical methods. Results: A relatively high level of genetic diversity was found in twenty-four population; the exceptions were in the Daiyun and Fuqing goat populations. Within-breed kinship coefficient matrices identified seven highly inbred breeds which should be of concern. Of these, six breeds receive a negative contribution to heterozygosity when the method was based on proportional contribution to heterozygosity. Based on Weitzman or Piyasatian and Kinghorn methods, the breeds distant from others i.e. Inner Mongolia Cashmere goat, Chengdu Brown goat and Leizhou goat obtain a high ranking. Evidence from Caballero and Toro and Fabuel et al method prioritized Jining Gray goat, Liaoning Cashmere goat, and Inner Mongolia Cashmere goat, which agree with results from Kinship-based methods. Conclusion: Conservation priorities were determined according to multiple methods. Our results suggest Inner Mongolia Cashmere goat (most methods), Jining Gray goat and Liaoning Cashmere goat (high contribution to heterozygosity and total diversity) should be prioritized based on most methods. Furthermore, Daiyun goat and Shannan White goat also should be prioritized based on consideration of effective population size. However, if one breed can continually survive under changing conditions, the straightforward approach would be to increase its utilization and attraction for production via mining breed germplasm characteristics.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.101-114
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• 2014

While there are persistent rumors that the consumption of goat meat dishes increases blood pressure, there is no scientific evidence to support this. Two experiments were conducted to clarify whether or not blood pressure increases in conjunction with the consumption of goat meat dishes. In experiment 1, 24 Dahl/Iwai rats (15 weeks old, body weight $309.3{\pm}11.1$ g) were evenly separated into 4 groups. The control group (CP) was fed a diet containing 20% chicken and 0.3% salt on a dry matter basis. The goat meat group (GM) was fed a diet containing 20% goat meat and 0.3% salt. The goat meat/salt group (GS) was fed a diet containing 20% goat meant and 3% to 4% salt. The Okinawan mugwort (Artemisia Princeps Pampan)/salt group (GY) was fed a diet containing 20% goat meat, 3% to 4% salt and 5% of freeze-dried mugwort powder. The experiment 1 ran for a period of 14 weeks during which time the blood pressure of the animals was recorded. The GS, and GY groups consumed significantly more water (p<0.01) than the CP and GM groups despite the fact that their diet consumption levels were similar. The body weight of animals in the CP, GM, and GS groups was similar while the animals in the GY group were significantly smaller (p<0.01). The blood pressure in the GM group was virtually the same as the CP group throughout the course of the experiment. In contrast, while the blood pressure of the animals in the GS and GY group from 15 to 19 weeks old was the same as the CP group, their blood pressures were significantly higher (p<0.01) after 20 weeks of age. The GY group tended to have lower blood pressure than the GS group. In experiment 2, in order to clarify whether or not the increase in blood pressure in the GS group and the GY group in experiment 1 was caused by an excessive intake of salt, the effects on blood pressure of a reduction of salt in diet were investigated. When amount of salt in the diet of the GS and GY group was reduced from 4% to 0.3%, the animal's blood pressure returned to normotensive. These results indicate that, as in the case of chicken consumption, prolonged consumption of goat meat does not cause increased blood pressure, rather the large amount of salt used in the preparation of goat meat dishes is responsible for the increase in blood pressure.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.111-120
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• 2008

The average milk fat content in goat milk was 3.88% on yearly basis. The milk fat content of 3.8% during summer season was lower than 4.2% during winter season. Total solid content increased in proportion to milk fat. When goat milk was stored at 4℃ for 24 hr, short-chain FFA(C4:0~C10:0) and medium- and long-chain FFA(C12:0~C18:1) increased about 106% and 203%, respectively. Induced lipolysis of goat milk by homogenization increased short-chain FFA and medium- and long-chain FFA by 22% and 199%. When goat milk was treated with calf lipase, there was increase of short-chain FFA by 9 times greater than increase of medium- and long-chain FFA by 5.6 times. Treatment with lipases from Candida rugosa and Pseudomonas fluorescens resulted in increase of medium- and long-chain FFA by 34 and 162 times, respectively, which was greater than increase of short-chain FFA by 6 and 14 times, respectively. Lipolysis in goat milk stored at 4℃ for 24 hr was correlated with LPL activity in goat milk(r=0.5635). Off-flavor of goat milk was correlated with LPL activity(r=0.5777). Milk fat content was negatively correlated with LPL activity(r=－0.4627). Palmitic acid content in goat milk was correlated with off-flavor(r=0.7226).

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.12
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• pp.1775-1784
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• 2023

Objective: The aim of this study was to reveal the role and regulatory mechanism of miR-188-5p in the proliferation and differentiation of goat muscle satellite cells. Methods: Goat skeletal muscle satellite cells isolated in the pre-laboratory were used as the test material. First, the expression of miR-188-5p in goat muscle tissues at different developmental stages was detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). In addition, miR-188-5p was transfected into goat skeletal muscle satellite cells by constructing mimics and inhibitors of miR-188-5p, respectively. The changes of differentiation marker gene expression were detected by qPCR method. Results: It was highly expressed in adult goat latissimus dorsi and leg muscles, goat fetal skeletal muscle, and at the differentiation stage of muscle satellite cells. Overexpression and interference of miR-188-5p showed that miR-188-5p inhibited the proliferation and promoted the differentiation of goat muscle satellite cells. Target gene prediction and dual luciferase assays showed that miR-188-5p could target the 3'untranslated region of the calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II beta (CAMK2B) gene and inhibit luciferase activity. Further functional studies revealed that CAMK2B promoted the proliferation and inhibited the differentiation of goat muscle satellite cells, whereas si-CAMK2B restored the function of miR-188-5p inhibitor. Conclusion: These results suggest that miR-188-5p inhibits the proliferation and promotes the differentiation of goat muscle satellite cells by targeting CAMK2B. This study will provide a theoretical reference for future studies on the molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle development in goats.