• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.516-522
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• 2016

Goat milk is highly nutritious and is consumed in many countries, but the development of functional foods from goat milk has been slow compared to that for other types of milk. The aim of this study was to develop a goat milk protein hydrolysate (GMPH) with enhanced digestibility and better hypoallergenic properties in comparison with other protein sources such as ovalbumin and soy protein. Goat milk protein was digested with four commercial food-grade proteases (separately) under various conditions to achieve the best hydrolysis of α_s -casein and β-lactoglobulin. It was shown that treatment with alcalase (0.4%, 60℃ for 30 min) effectively degraded these two proteins, as determined by SDS-PAGE, measurement of nonprotein nitrogen content, and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Hydrolysis with alcalase resulted in a significant decrease in β-lactoglobulin concentration (almost to nil) and a ~40% reduction in the level of α_s-casein. Quantification of histamine and TNF-α released from HMC-1 cells (human mast cell line) showed that the GMPH did not induce an allergic response when compared to the control. Hence, the GMPH may be useful for development of novel foods for infants, the elderly, and convalescent patients, to replace cow milk.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.274-279
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• 2008

This study was performed to investigate the best staining method for the somatic cell classification of dairy goat milk. Dairy goat milk samples, which were collected randomly from a dairy goat farm in Jeollanam-do, South Korea, were stained and analyzed with direct microscopic method, using 5 different staining methods; Wright's stain, Giemsa stain, Diff-quik stain, Newman's stain and Pyronin Y-Methyl Green stain, respectively. Among them, The Newman's staining was found to be the most rapid and effective method, for it required the shortest time for staining and provided the easiest way to classify somatic cells.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.210-224
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• 2022

The use of skim milk is a strategy to increase goat milk yogurt acceptability. However, it can negatively affect yogurt rheology because fat plays a vital role in dairy structural integrity. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of fat replacers on the rheological, physical, and sensory parameters of low-fat cupuassu goat milk yogurts during refrigerated storage (28 days). Five goat milk yogurts formulations were carried out: whole yogurt (WY), skim yogurt (SY), skim yogurt with inulin (SIY), skim yogurt with maltodextrin (SMY), and skim yogurt with whey protein (SWY). Treatments were subjected to bacterial counts, chemical composition, pH, water holding capacity, instrumental color and texture, rheological and sensory analyses. All samples showed reducing pH values, water holding capacity, and L^* and b^* value during storage. Regarding texture, the firmness and consistency decreased during storage. On the other hand, the viscosity index significantly increased during refrigerated storage time. Moreover, all treatments exhibited viscoelastic behaviour. In addition, SIY and SMY showed the highest apparent viscosity. Furthermore, SIY, SMY, and SWY formulations exhibited positive sensory scores for appearance, color, aroma, texture, and viscosity. However, the overall acceptability and purchase intention did not differ statistically between WY and the fat-replacement treatments (SIY, SMY, and SWY). These results indicate that fat substitutes improved the quality of skimmed formulations. Thus, inulin and maltodextrin have the potential as functional fat replaces to produce low-fat goat milk yogurts.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.281-285
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• 1990

The present paper demonstrates the expressions and amounts of pepsinogen and prochymosin in neonate, young and adult goat's proper gastric glandular regions by the immunochemical and the immunohistochemical analyses with the anti-bovine pepsinogen serum and anti-bovine chymosin serum. Each bovine serum was demonstrated to have reactivities against corresponding goat's antigen by immunochemical analses and enzymatic activities. The anti-pepsinogen was higher in the new born animals than the maternal milk feeding one, suggesting that the maternal milk might control the pepsinogen production in the proper gastric glands. The patterns of prochymosin expression in the goats was similar to that in cattle.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.555-559
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• 1993

Studies at freezing point depression (FPD) for goat milk are described in this paper. The 432 samples of raw goat milk collected in a period of two years and analysed by the use of an electronic cryoscope gave a mean value of FPD: $-0.565{\pm}0.01^{\circ}C$. Statistical significant differences were found between the morning and evening milk. The evening milk showed better quality considering the lactose and others dissolved solutes. Among the Brown, Saanen and Anglo-nubian goats, the greatest increase in FPD, occurred in the Anglo-nubian breed. The statistical analysis revealed a significant breed difference (p<0.05), when climate variation was observed. The superior and inferior values found to the FPD of the caprine milk (-0.545 to $-0.585^{\circ}C$), is important in establishing regional rules, to improve the quality control criteria and legal interpretation of standards found in the pertinent legislation. The results are also important to improve herd management so that one can increase the animal production which will affect the technological composition, and the nutritional characteristics of the resultant products.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.103-110
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• 2015

산양유을 섭취한 성인의 분변 내 bifidobacteria의 증식 효과 및 분변에서 분리된 bifidobacteria와 lactobacilli의 당 발효 능력을 조사하였다. 1. 산양유를 섭취한 처리군이 대조군보다 bifidobacteria 세균수가 상대적으로 높았으며, 8주에서 95% 신뢰한계에서 유의성이 있었다. 2. 분변에서 분리한 균주들을 13 균주의 16S rRNA 염기서 열로 동정한 결과, 산양유를 섭취한 처리구는 B. adolescentis, B. longum, B. pseudocatenulatum, B. dentium, L. sakei 순으로 분리되었다. 대조군의 12 균주는 B. adolescentis, B. longum, L. ruminis, L. sakei, B. pseudocatenulatum 순으로 분리되었다. 3. 산양유 올리고당과 lactulose는 모든 bifidobacteria 및 lactobacilli 균주가 발효하였다. Fructooligosaccaride는 B. adolescentis 7 균주 모두 발효하였다. 조사한 B. pseudocatenulatum 4 균주, L. sakei 3 균주, B. longum 7 균주 중에서 각각 3, 2, 1 균주가 fructooligosaccharide를 발효하였다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제60권7호
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• pp.18.1-18.12
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• 2018

Background: Xanthosine treatment has been previously reported to increase mammary stem cell population and milk production in cattle and goats. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with the increase in stem cell population and milk production remain unclear. Methods: Primiparous Beetal goats were assigned to the study. Five days post-partum, one mammary gland of each goat was infused with xanthosine (TRT) twice daily ($2{\times}$) for 3 days consecutively, and the other gland served as a control (CON). Milk samples from the TRT and CON glands were collected on the 10th day after the last xanthosine infusion and the total RNA was isolated from milk fat globules (MEGs). Total RNA in MFGs was mainly derived from the milk epithelial cells (MECs) as evidenced by expression of milk synthesis genes. Significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) terms using PANTHER and gene networks were generated using STRING db. Results: Preliminary analysis indicated that each individual goat responded to xanthosine treatment differently, with this trend being correlated with specific DEGs within the same animal's mammary gland. Several pathways are impacted by these DEGs, including cell communication, cell proliferation and anti-microbials. Conclusions: This study provides valuable insights into transcriptomic changes in milk producing epithelial cells in response to xanthosine treatment. Further characterization of DEGs identified in this study is likely to delineate the molecular mechanisms of increased milk production and stem or progenitor cell population by the xanthosine treatment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.741-746
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• 2005

To investigate the basic information and the possibility of ACE-inhibitory peptides for antihypertension materials, goat's caisin (CN) was hydrolyzed by various proteolytic enzymes and ACE-inhibitory peptides were separated and purified. ACE-inhibition ratios of enzymatic hydrolysates of goat's CN and various characteristics of ACE-inhibitory peptides were determined. ACE-inhibition ratios of goat's CN hydrolysates were shown the highest with 87.84% by pepsin for 48 h. By Sephadex G-25 gel chromatograms, Fraction 3 from goat's CN hydrolysates by pepsin for 48 h was confirmed the highest ACE-inhibition activity. Fraction 3 g and Fraction 3 gh from peptic hydrolysates by RP-HPLC to first and second purification were the highest in ACE-inhibition activity, respectively. The most abundant amino acid was leucine (18.83%) in Fraction 3 gh of ACE-inhibitory peptides after second purification. Amino acid sequence analysis of Fraction 3 gh of ACE-inhibitory peptides was shown that the Ala-Tyr-Phe-Tyr, Pro-Tyr-Tyr and Tyr-Leu. IC$_{50}$ calibrated in peptic hydrolysates at 48 h, Fraction 3, Fraction 3 g and Fraction 3 gh from goat's CN hydrolysates by pepsin for 48 h were 29.89, 3.07, 1.85 and 0.87 g/ml, respectively. Based on the results of this experiment, goat's CN hydrolysates by pepsin were shown to have ACE-inhibitory activity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.39-45
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• 2004

Despite higher fecundity, Black Bengal goat generally has lower milk production, which is often insufficient for their multiple kids. However, milk requirement of Black Bengal kids is poorly defined. Present trial was thus designed to determine the requirement and intake of milk of pre-weaned Black Bengal kids in relation to their growth rate age and sex. Thirty, one month old Black Bengal kids of either sex divided into two groups were allocated to two groups, suckling alone (T1) or suckling along with teat-bottle feeding of milk (T2). Ten kids were allocated for the T1 and 20 kids were allocated for the T2. Digestibility of milk was also determined in T2 animals. Average daily consumption of milk, milk energy and milk N were 773 and 722 g, 1,170 and 1,093 kJ/kg $W^{0.75}/d$ and 1,552 and 1,462 mg N/kg $W^{0.75}/d$, respectively. During 9 weeks trial period, male kids had significantly higher live weight (4.32 vs. 4.20 kg; p<0.01) and intake of milk (773 vs. 722 g/d; p<0.05), energy (117 vs. 1,093 kJ/kg $W^{0.75}$/d; p<0.01) and N (1,552 vs.1,462 mg/k $W^{0.75}/d$; p<0.01) than the female. Milk consumption and the corresponding milk energy and milk N intake increased linearly up to 5th week of the trial, which, then decreased quadratically up to 9th week i.e., up to the weaning. Overall milk DM intake during this period was 2.58% (range 1.5-3.0%) of live weight or about 36 g/kg $W^{0.75}/d$ (range 29-45 g/kg $W^{0.75}/d$). Pre-weaned Black Bengal kids of about 4.5 kg weight, growing at the rate of 60 g weight daily requires at least 750 g milk daily. Daily live weight gain, estimated as the regression between the live weights over time, was 60 g ($r^2$=0.99) and 55 g ($r^2$=0.99), respectively, for the male and female kids. Efficiency of milk energy utilization for weight gain ranged from 0.67 to 0.84 (mean 0.81) for the male kid and 0.75 to 0.91 (mean 0.82) for the female kids. Efficiency of milk protein utilization for weight gain ranged from 0.46 to 0.70 (mean 0.61) for the male kid and 0.51 to 0.81 (mean 0.64) for the female kids. Additional teat-bottle feeding of suckling kids had no significant effect on their growth rate (54vs. 57 g/d). Average digestibility of milk DM, OM and N was 98.85, 98.99 and 98.69%, respectively and they were slightly (p>0.05) higher in the male than the female kids. Results suggest that the requirement of energy and protein and their utilization efficiency in Black Bengal kids is not different from that of the other breeds of goat.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권10호
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• pp.1503-1507
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• 2006

Goats' milk adulteration with cows' milk is becoming a big problem. In the past, the urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis assay with different motility of ${\alpha}S1$-casein has been applied for the identification of cows' milk adulteration. The detection sensitivity is 1.0%. The aim of this study was to develop a faster and more sensitive method to detect cows' milk which may be present in adulterated goats' milk and goats' milk powder. The published primer was targeted at highly conserved regions in bovine mitochondrial DNA (a 271 bp amplicon). This amplicon was cloned and sequenced to further confirm bovine specific sequence. The chelex-100 was used to separate bovine somatic cells from goats' milk or goats' milk powder samples. Random sampling of different brands of goats' milk powder and tablets from various regions of Taiwan showed the adulterated rate was 20 out of 80 (25%) in goats' milk powders and 12 out of 24 (50%) in goats' milk tablets. With this system, as low as 0.1% cows' milk or cows' milk powder in goat milk or goat milk powder could be identified. This chelex DNA isolation approach provides a fast, highly reproducible and sensitive method for detecting the adulteration of goats' milk products.