• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.25-37
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• 2013

Purpose - The structure of retailing has changed as retailers develop markets in response to business environment changes. This study aims to analyze the general situation of retailers in order to predict future global strategy using case studies of overseas expansion strategy and the Metro Group's global strategy. Research design, data, and methodology - The backgrounds to the new retail business model and retailer classification are analyzed as theoretical data. In addition, the key success point of the Metro Group's "cash and carry" strategy is analyzed as is the Metro Group's global CFAR (collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment) strategy. Finally, the plan for cooperation and precise forecasting under the Metro Group's supply chain management are analyzed from the promotion environment viewpoint. Related materials analyzed included the 2012 annual report, the Metro Group's web page, and a video interview with the executive in charge of global strategy and the new market development department. Some data were revised to avoid disrupting essential aspects of the case studies. Results - The important finding was that the Metro Group could be a world-class retail company with its successful global expansion strategy. The Metro Group's global strategy's primary goal is to have a leading business position in Eastern and Western Europe. The "cash and carry" strategy is highest priority in its overseas expansion strategy. Moreover, the Metro Group has standardized product planning capacity, which could be applied in various countries with different structural and cultural backgrounds. This is the main reason that the Metro Group could rapidly become successful in the Eastern Europe and Asian markets through its structural overseas expansion strategies. In addition, the Metro Group emphasizes the importance of supply chain management. Conclusions - First, retailers should create additional value through utilizing the domestic market, market power, and economies of scale to launch a global strategy to maximize benefits from diversification. Second, the political, economic, and cultural background of the target country needs to be understood to successfully implement the overseas expansion strategy. Third, the main factor of successful cooperation with a local partner is how quickly the company gains total understanding of the business resources and core competence of its partner. All organizations should focus on the achievement of goals in order to successfully operate the partnership. Fourth, retailers should improve their business, financial and organizational structure. Moreover, the work processes and company culture should also be improved to respond strongly in the competitive global market. Fifth, the essential point of a successful retail business is the control capacity of its branding and format. The retailer could avoid forecasting errors through supply chain management by perfectly distributing the actual amount of its inventory. In addition, the risks along the supply chain are effectively shared between the supply chain partners. Finally, the central tendency of the market is to gain in strength with this taking place across all parts of the business.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.9 no.12
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• pp.45-53
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• 2018

Purpose - The purpose of the study was to investigate operation system of current convenience store and competing retail store and to find out development of unattended convenience store. Operators can save labor cost and solve labor seeking when opening shop under suitable environment and commerce area, and assure of employee's safety. Customers are allowed to select commodity comfortably without disclosure of face and to shorten standby time at simple store opening, buying and paying and to produce convenient living environment by financing, delivery and goods control. This study examined effect and problems of operation of existing and unattended convenience store from point of view of visual merchandising to find out model of unattended convenience store and to strengthen competitiveness of convenience store business. Research design, data, and methodology - Research procedure of accomplishment of goal of the study was: The study investigated state of distribution business, and role and definition of VMD. First, VMD played an important role of promotion and competitiveness of unattended convenience stores. Second, the author investigated research and cases of unattended convenience stores 14 months, that is to say, from August 15, 2017 to October 15, 2018. Third, the author investigated on-the-spot three of common convenience stores, three of unattended convenience stores and three of retailers one month, that is to say, June 1, 2018 to July 1, 2018. The subject was convenience stores and retailers selling similar type of products at Seoul and metropolitan area. Results - Layout, selling place, brand identity, goods assortment, authentication system, product information cognition and control, buying and payment system, security system, salesmen, promotion and other services should be improved from point of view of merchandising. Structure, furniture, lighting, voice, façade, VP, PP, IP and POP should be developed. Conclusions - Unattended convenience stores saved operating cost and lessened labor and gave visitors convenience and comfortable shopping and made use of resources effectively. Further studies with quantitative analysis shall find out strategic conditions for promotion of unattended convenience stores.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.50
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• pp.239-273
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• 2018

There have been many topics in gamer research on gamers' game addiction, education, and psychological interest. This paper investigates how to perceive the virtual environment of gamers based on James Gibson 's theories of cognitive science. Gibson's theory is not a stimulus input through individual sensory receptors, but rather a learning process such as establishing a cognitive relationship between perceptual systems, external invariant property separation, behavioral learning, invariant property separation of events, selectiveism development. Based on this analysis tool, I collected and verified gamers' perception of game environment of by FGI survey method. The results of the analysis showed that Gibson 's perceptual learning process was perceived as a virtual environment as in reality, and there was also perceptual difference found only in games. Patterned perception develops in the direction of classifying invariant properties appearing in the game based on the purpose of the game. In this study, it can be seen as a result of the research that FGI interview can be summarized as patterning (typification) perception process based on the goal consciousness of gamers. But,The results of the study suggest that the psychological analysis of the gamer can not be presented by the FGI results alone. In the future, we need a model study to confirm the causality and the verification through statistical analysis.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.472-480
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• 2018

This study was conducted to examine cognitive function and the ability for occupational participation in patients with mild and moderate dementia and to identify correlations between these two variables. The study investigated 95 dementia patients who visited a day care center in Daegu between September and November, 2017. Their detailed cognitive functions were examined using the Mini-Mental State Examination-Korean (MMSE-K) and the Korean Version of the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment Geriatric population: LOTCA-G. Their occupational participation was measured using the Model of Human Occupation Screening Tool (MOHOST). The subjects' cognitive functions and abilities for occupational participation were analyzed using the descriptive statistics produced by the SPSS 20.0 program. In addition, Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlations between the cognitive functions of the subjects and their abilities for occupational participation. The results of the study showed positive correlations between cognitive function and the ability for occupational participation of patients with mild and moderate dementia. Based on the results of this study, the evaluation of the patients with dementia and ability for occupational participation related to the cognitive function in establishing the therapeutic goal should be considered.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.95-106
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to be of use for the preparation of more desirable sex education system at elementary school, by making content analysis of the current textbooks related to sex education and surveying what opinions the persons concerned had about it. The purpose of this study were as follows; Elementary school textbooks were analyzed to find out what kind of sex education was included in them. And questionnaires on how to improve school sex education content were prepared, by which 207 male and female teachers were surveyed in the city of Paju and Koyang, Kyonggi province. The conclusions were as follows; 1. Content Analysis of Textbook Sex Education The content related to sex education was relatively much included in textbooks of the right life, morality and physical education. Although morality was a subject to be instructed for the third-grade students or older, elementary school students virtually received sex education from the first grade, as the right life and the joyful life were a subject for the lower-grade students, and this met the goal of sex education or the need of the times. However, sex education content leaned heavily toward family, family life or parental love. There was no mutual complement among subjects, and no link among grades, either. 2. Teacher Opinion on Sex Education Content for Each Grade When the subjects were asked about if sex education content was appropriate for each grade, they answered 20 items should be more emphasized and 6 items might be left out. And there were 6 items regarded by them as one that should be rearranged in consideration of grade. 3. The Ideal Opinion of Sex Education Content The following model could be recommended for elementary school sex education, which was designed to meet the objectives of school sex education as much as possible and to offer a systematic link among grades, based on the findings by textbook analysis and Questionnaire survey, and on elementary school sex education materials recommended by the Ministry of Education: The content selected for the first grade of elementary school was my body, cleanness of genitals, male-female cooperation, and family cooperation. For the second grade, the selected content was male-female physical difference, male female psychological difference, parental and I(origin of a birth). For the third grade, the selected things were important a body(cleanness of genitals), birth of a life, and male-female comprehension and cooperation. For the fourth grade, the selected things were physical development, management of genitals, physiology and management of menstruation, propagation and growth of organism, concern for the other sex, comprehension of and cooperation with the other sex, and prevention of sexual violence. Four the fifth grade, the selected things were secondary sex characteristic, physiology and management of menstruation, operation for phimosis, understanding of seminal emission, structure and function of the genital organs, birth and growth of a baby, television/sex information, and mass communications/sex information. For the sixth grade, the selected things were secondary sex characteristic, understanding of seminal emission, male-female cooperation, male and female role, male-female manners, mass communications/sex information, family and family life. Finally, what should be taught in sex education must be studied constantly, as it should be revised or supplemented periodically, according to student's sexual maturity or social, cultural changes.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.175-219
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• 2010

Since diversification can be a necessary means for company's survival and the conservation of its success, hundreds of studies have been done by three schools of industrial economics, strategic management, and Neo-Schumpeterian economics for over 30 years. However, any school has not presented a model comprehensively explaining diversification' success or failure. The study tried to suggest a theoretical framework integrating findings came from three schools. The framework considers both firm's technological capabilities and sector-specific characteristics as well as reflects a Neo-Schumpeterian view emphasizing technological aspects. The goal of the study is finding major reasons of success and failure during company's diversification through studying three diversification cases of Samsung. Our findings show that the diversification toward TFT-LCD was easier and more successful than the diversification toward microprocessor because DRAM is more similar to TFT-LCD than microprocessor. Samsung also tended to build only the types of capabilities which were originated from capabilities accumulated in DRAM business. Our findings give firm's strategists a lesson that they can increase the probability of success in diversification, if only they should simultaneously consider a new sector's characteristics, a firm's technological capabilities accumulated in old sectors, and the availability of old capabilities for being applied to a new sector.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 2014

Purpose: The goal of this study is to determine whether the magnitude of overlap between planning target volume (PTV) and rectum ($Rectum_{overlap}$) or PTV and bladder ($Bladder_{overlap}$) in prostate cancer volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) is predictive of the dose-volume relationships achieved after optimization, and to identify predictive equations and cutoff values using these overlap volumes beyond which the Quantitative Analyses of Normal Tissue Effects in the Clinic (QUANTEC) dose-volume constraints are unlikely to be met. Materials and Methods: Fifty-seven patients with prostate cancer underwent VMAT planning using identical optimization conditions and normalization. The PTV (for the 50.4 Gy primary plan and 30.6 Gy boost plan) included 5 to 10 mm margins around the prostate and seminal vesicles. Pearson correlations, linear regression analyses, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to correlate the percentage overlap with dose-volume parameters. Results: The percentage $Rectum_{overlap}$ and $Bladder_{overlap}$ correlated with sparing of that organ but minimally impacted other dose-volume parameters, predicted the primary plan rectum $V_{45}$ and bladder $V_{50}$ with $R^2$ = 0.78 and $R^2$ = 0.83, respectively, and predicted the boost plan rectum $V_{30}$ and bladder $V_{30}$ with $R^2$ = 0.53 and $R^2$ = 0.81, respectively. The optimal cutoff value of boost $Rectum_{overlap}$ to predict rectum $V_{75}$ >15% was 3.5% (sensitivity 100%, specificity 94%, p < 0.01), and the optimal cutoff value of boost $Bladder_{overlap}$ to predict bladder $V_{80}$ >10% was 5.0% (sensitivity 83%, specificity 100%, p < 0.01). Conclusion: The degree of overlap between PTV and bladder or rectum can be used to accurately guide physicians on the use of interventions to limit the extent of the overlap region prior to optimization.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.2059-2065
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• 2013

This goal of this research was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the National Cancer Screening Program (NCSP) for breast cancer in the Republic of Korea from a government expenditure perspective. In 2002-2003 (baseline), a total of 8,724,860 women aged 40 years or over were invited to attend breast cancer screening by the NCSP. Those who attended were identified using the NCSP database, and women were divided into two groups, women who attended screening at baseline (screened group) and those who did not (non-screened group). Breast cancer diagnosis in both groups at baseline, and during 5-year follow-up was identified using the Korean Central Cancer Registry. The effectiveness of the NCSP for breast cancer was estimated by comparing 5-year survival and life years saved (LYS) between the screened and the unscreened groups, measured using mortality data from the Korean National Health Insurance Corporation and the National Health Statistical Office. Direct screening costs, indirect screening costs, and productivity costs were considered in different combinations in the model. When all three of these costs were considered together, the incremental cost to save one life year of a breast cancer patient was 42,305,000 Korean Won (KW) (1 USD=1,088 KW) for the screened group compared to the non-screened group. In sensitivity analyses, reducing the false-positive rate of the screening program by half was the most cost-effective (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, ICER=30,110,852 KW/LYS) strategy. When the upper age limit for screening was set at 70 years, it became more cost-effective (ICER=39,641,823 KW/LYS) than when no upper age limit was set. The NCSP for breast cancer in Korea seems to be accepted as cost-effective as ICER estimates were around the Gross Domestic Product. However, cost-effectiveness could be further improved by increasing the sensitivity of breast cancer screening and by setting appropriate age limits.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.59 no.5
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• pp.454-465
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• 2015

The goal of this study is to investigate pre-service chemistry teachers’ understanding of the boiling process of a liquid mixture. We surveyed 65 students in the chemistry program of the College of Education about the boiling point of a 50%(by mole) ethanol aqueous solution and the temperature changes during heating. We then interviewed 9 of these students. According to the survey results, the percent of the pre-service teachers who thought that the boiling point of the ethanol solution would be ‘between the boiling points of ethanol and water (78-100 ℃)’ and ‘the same as that of ethanol’ were 52.3% and 35.4%, respectively. The majority of those who stated the former explained that the boiling point of the ethanol solution increased due to the effects of attraction or blocking by water molecules. Most of those who believed the latter explained that physical properties such as the boiling point would not be changed by the addition of water. With regard to the temperature change during heating, 69.2% of the teachers thought that the temperature would increase gradually while boiling, which some thought resulted from the increasing amount of water in the solution as the ethanol boiled off. Others thought that two temperature plateaus would be observed as each component of the liquid mixture underwent phase transition at its specific boiling point. When asked about the particle model of the gas phase during the boiling and evaporation process, some students drew both ethanol and water during evaporation but only ethanol when boiling. We discussed several alternative concepts of pre-service chemistry teachers about the boiling process of liquid mixtures and ways to improve their understanding.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.291-302
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to investigate pre-service middle school earth science teachers' perceptions about the learning of geological field trip. The study sample consists of 39 undergraduate students at the university located in a metropolitan city. Additionally, 4 pre-service earth science teachers are semi-structure interviewed. The instrument of the study includes a 5-category perception about the learning of geological field trip, which consists of needs, educational values, educational experience, teaching methods, and training for learning. The results are as follows. First, participants are important to the need and educational values of learning about the geological field trip regardless of gender and grade level. Second, all participants have experienced geological field trip in college. They have more opportunities to experiment for field trip as they advance to higher grade. There is significant difference between lower and higher graders in terms of the goal of learning about geological field trip. It needs a new lesson model to teach geology between men and women regarding teaching methods category. In order to practice geological field trip in school, participants perceive that they need the knowledge of geological context, experiment of field trips, and how to teach geological field trip to students. This study suggests that pre-service earth science teachers' perceptions include how to teach and learn geological field trip during their college year.