• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.368-377
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to investigate determining factors which influence the riboflavin and pyridoxin nutritional status of korean newborns. The riboflavin and pyridoxine nutriture were evaluated by measuring the enzymecoenzyme saturation kinetics of erythrocyte glutathione reductase and alanine aminotransferase. The subjects were 259 newborns and their mothers. The average activity coefficent values of the cord blood EALAT was 1.4$\pm$0.11 and 32% of the samples had EALATAC values greater than 1.25. EGRAC was 1.26$\pm$0.12 and 27.4 of the blood samples had EALATAC values greater than 1.25. Vitamine B6 nutrition of the newborns whose mothers consumed more energy, protein and vitamine B6 was better as cord blood EALATAC values were found to the lower in this group. A stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that birth length and mother's age significantly influenced EGRAC values, positive and negative ways, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.2
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• pp.183-187
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• 2006

This study investigated concentrations of the several air pollutants and compared antioxidative enzyme activities on Platanus occidentalis because this tree species is one of the widespread street trees in Korea. This species has been emerging the ambient air pollutants during its growing periods. The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between air pollution on the tree species and antioxidant enzyme activities on the trees. $O_3$, $NO_2$, CO and $SO_2$ concentrations of several cities in Korea were compared for last decades. Among the air pollutants, $O_3$ and $NO_2$ concentrations in six big cities in Korea showed similar increasing trends during this period. In contrast, $SO_2$ and CO concentrations in the same cities dramatically decreased between 1994 and 2005. Platanus occidentalis trees were controlled to investigate, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) activity. Ozone exposure generally increased APX and GR activities of tree seedlings. It is a typical compensatory strategy of stressed trees.

• BMB Reports
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.76-81
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• 1999

Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) belongs to the protein family of pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductases, including glutathione reductase (GR). The two subunits of human GR are covalently linked by an intersubunit disulfide bond between the pair of the Cys-90 residues. The corresponding residue (Ser-79) in human E3 was substituted to Cys using site-directed mutagenesis. The mutant was expressed in Escherichia coli and highly purified using an affinity column. About 40% of the mutants formed a spontaneous intersubunit disulfide bond linkage. This result implies that Ser-79 and possibly surrounding residues constitute one of the several intersubunit contact regions in human E3. It provides another good piece of evidence for the predicted high degree of the structural homology between human E3 and GR. Spectroscopic studies indicate conformational changes in the mutant.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.183-186
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• 1997

Acute toxicity of pectenotoxin 2 (PTX2) was examined in mice. Treatment of mice with a toxic dose of PTX2 resulted in clinical signs such as ataxia, cyanosis and an abrupt decrease in body temperature. Histopathological studies revealed that the liver is the major target organ for PTX2. Activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) were significantly elevated by PTX2 administration. Glucose-6-phosphatase activities were not changed by the treatment. The PTX2 treatment decreased relative liver weight without changing the body weight. The effect of PTX2 on hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme system was determined. An ip dose of PTX2 (200 $\mu$g/kg) induced a significant decrease in the hepatic microsomal protein content. Cytochrome P-450 content, cytochrome b$_5$ content, NADPH cytochrome c reductase, aminopyrine N-demethylase activities, or hepatic glutathione content were not altered by PTX2 treatment.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.507-515
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• 1989

Ten healthy wome 2-~25 years participated in a 5-week metabolic study to investigate the daily riboflavin requirement of Korean women. Three daily menu and meal patterns were used. Low riboflavin(LR) diet provided riboflavin at a level of 0.71mg / 1000Kcal based on food composition table. High riboflavin(HR) diet provided 1.14mg / 1000Kcal. The riboflavin status was assessed by erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity coefficient(EGRAC) and urinary exretion of riboflavin. Mean EGRAC of LR period and HR period were 1.17+0.08 and 1.01+0.03, repectively. There were discrepanices of riboflavin content of experimental diet between chemical analysis and calculation by Korean food composition table. Urinary riboflavin excretion of subjects was acceptable over the whole study period. It appeared that 0.71mg / 1000Kcal is requirement of riboflavin to maintain EGRAC withing normal range. Thus, it is suggested that current recommendation of 0.6mg / 1000Kcal of riboflavin intake may not be adequate as RDA level in Korea.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.680-691
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• 1993

Rats were fed for an 8-week period a low riboflavin diet(5ug riboflavin/day) or a control diet(30ug/day) supplied either ad libitum or by pair feeding in order to study the effect of riboflavin on the metabolism of lipids and neurotransmitters. Erythrocyte glutathione reductase (EGR) and monomine oxidase(MAO) activity in the liver and brain were assayed. EGR activity coefficient in riboflavin deficient rats was significantly higher than in ad libitum controls whereas MAO activity was decreased in the deficient rats. Fatty acid composition showed a different trend in the serum, liver and brain. In the serum, the concentrations of essential fatty acids and $\omega$-3 fatty acids(eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid)were decreased about 20-40% in the deficient and pair-fed than in the ad libitum controls. Brain serotonin and 5-HIAA(5-hydroxyindole acetic acid) concentrations were decreased in the riboflavin deficient rats. Learning ability measured by a water maze and exploratory activity using the open field test were not impaired in the deficient rats. These results indicate that brain lipid metabolism was protected in subclinical riboflavin deficiency, however, riboflavin deficiency affected brain serotonin content.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.173-178
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• 1996

Aerobic cells are normally protected from the damage of free radicals by antioxidative on , zymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione (GSH) peroxidase, GSH S- transferase and GSH reductase which scavenge free radicals as well as nonenzymatic antioxidants such as ceruloplasmin, albumin and nonprotein-SH including GSH. The effects of each component (ginsenoside $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rd, Re, $Rb_1$, Rf, $Rh_1$ and $Rh_2$) of red ginseng on the antioxidative enzyme activities were investigated in the liver in order to screen antioxidative components of red ginseng. Ginsenoside $Rb_1$ and Rc showed a tendency to increase GSH peroxidase activity, while ginsenoside Rc significantly decreased Cu,Zn-SOD activity. Especially, ginsenoside $Rh_2$ significantly increased catalase activity. These results suggest that ginsenoside $Rh_2$ is an important active component among total saponins of red ginseng.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.212-218
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• 2008

Manganese is a naturally occurring element which is widespread in the environment. Also, manganese is an essential trace element and plays a key role in important biological reactions catalyzed by enzymes. However, exposure to high levels of manganese can cause toxicity in neurone and inhalation system, also damage in various tissues. We investigated the toxicity induced by manganese compound ($MnCl_2$) in cultured rat cardiomyocytes. Treatment of manganese to cultured cardiomyocyte led to cell death, reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase, and cytosolic caspase-3 activation. The ROS increase was related with the decreased level of glutathione. Expressions of ROS related genes such as heme oxygenase-1, thioredoxin reductase, and NADH quinone oxidase were significantly induced in manganese treated cells. These results suggest that manganese induce oxidative stress and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes, and may be the one of risk factors to cause heart dysfunction in vivo.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.437-443
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with red ginseng water-extracts on the induction of microsomal cytochrome P-450 in rats. Phenobarbital (PB) and 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC), P-450 inducers, were administered to 3- or 12-month old rats received red ginseng extracts (25 mg/kg) from 6 weeks to 12 months for 3 days. PB and 3-MC increased levels of P-450, P-450 reductase, ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase, benzphetamine N-demethylase and glutathione-S-transferase in the liver of rats. However, chronic administration of red ginseng significantly reduced these increase of enzyme levels induced by P-450 inducers. Chronic administration of red ginseng did not affect the induction of cytochrome $b_5$ and NADH cytochrome $b_5$ reductase by P-450 inducers. It is suggested that the induction of cytochrome P-450 system in the liver in relation to xenobiotics toxicity can be modulated by long-term supplementation with Korean red ginseng to rats.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.79-88
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• 1997

This experiment was conducted to investigate the protoporphyrin Ⅸ (PPIX)accumulation, activity of antioxidative enzymes and contents of antioxidant in tolerant-wheat and susceptible-barley to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (Protox) inhibiting-herbicides [oxyfluorfen(2-chloro-l-(3-ethoxy-nitrophenoxy-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene, acifluorfen (5-[2-chloro-4-(trifl-uoromethyl) phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid), bifenox(methyl-5-(2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) 2-nitroben-zoate), and oxadiazon (5-tert-butyl-3-(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-one)]. The tolerant-wheat and susceptible-barley were soaked in these compounds at 10$^{-6}$ M for 2hrs and exposed to light for 2,4,6 or 8hrs to investigate change of the activity of antioxidative enzymes. The activities of monodehydroascorbate reductase(MDAR), catalase(CAL) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) were lower in the barley than in the wheat after the treatement of these compounds. The activity of peroxidase(POX) was lower in the barley than in the wheat at 8hrs after the treatment of oxyfluorfen but other compounds showed no difference in activity in wheat and barley. The activity of glutathione reductase(GR) was increased in wheat and barley according as hours of treatment of these compounds became increased but its activity was no difference between wheat and barley. In the case of the content of vitamin C due to the treatment of these compounds, the wheat decreased less than the barley. After the treatment of oxyfluorfen the content of vitamin E in the wheat was higher than in the barley but other compounds didn't have any difference between wheat and barley. And after the treatment of acifluorfen the content of carotenoid was greater in the wheat than in the barley but other compounds didn't have any difference between wheat and barley. The content of glutathione (GSH, GSSG) was greater in the barley than in the wheat. The content of protoporphyrin Ⅸ (PPIX) accumulation by the treatments of these compounds was more in the barley than in the wheat. Especially, the treatment of oxyfluorfen and acifluorfen were more accumulated 2.3 and 1.3 fold in the barley than in the wheat, respectively.