• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.106-112
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• 1996

The effects of Ti addition in welding wire on the spatter generation and the droplet transfer phenomena were investigated. With increasing Ti content the spattering rate was decreased but the ratio of large size spatter (D $\geq$ 1. 0mm) was increased in both short circuit and globular transfer mode of $CO_2$welding. In short circuit transfer region, the arcing time was increased and the droplet transfer frequency was decreased with increasing Ti content In globular transfer region, the transition current and voltage to globular transfer was lowered and the welding condition region for stable globular transfer was widened with increasing Ti content.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.72-80
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• 1997

The spatter generation rate of GMA welding with $CO_2$ gas shielding was measured with the change of welding conditions such as wire feeding rate and welding voltage and then the results were analized with the accompanying changes in metal transfer mode and in bead geometry. The spatter generation rate (SGR) was relatively low not only wit the short circuit transfer but with the truely globular transfer mode. However, the SGR resulted with the mixed mode were consistantly high. The resultant wave pattern of mixed mode was due to the coexistance of short-circuit and globular transfer and characterized by the frequent appearance of instantaneous short circuit. Considering the result of SGR and that of bead geometry, it could be concluded that when the wire feeding rate (or welding current) was either low or high, the optimum bead shape could be obtained along with the low spatter generation. However, in the middle range of wire feeding rate, the optimum bead shape was only obtained in the mixed mode condition resulting in the high spatter generation.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.76-84
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• 1994

Droplet transfer modes due to welding conditions and the effect of Ca in welding wire on droplet transfer were investigated. Droplet transfer mode in CO$_{2}$ welding was classified into 2 modes, that is, short circuit and globular transfer, with increasing welding current and voltage. With increasing Ca content in wire, repulsive pressure due to vaporization of Ca was considerably increased. In short circuit transfer region, arcing time was increased and droplet transfer cycle was decreased, with increasing Ca content. In globular transfer region, welding condition for globular transfer was lower current region, with increasing Ca content.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.61-65
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• 2008

The static force balance model (SFBM) has been used to analyze drop transfer in gas metal arc welding. Although the SFBM is capable of predicting the detaching drop size in the globular mode with reasonable accuracy, discrepancy between the calculated and experimental results increases with current. In order to reduce discrepancy, the SFBM is modified by considering the momentum of the molten metal flow, which is generated by the pinch pressure. The momentum increases with smaller drop size and becomes compatible to the electromagnetic force. The modified force balance model (MFBM) predicts the experimental results more accurately, and extends its application to the projected mode.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.115-121
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• 1995

As the metal transfer in the GMAW process affects the weld quality and productivity, the mechanism of molten formation and detachment has been investigated at various welding conditions. The force balance and pinch instability models have been widely used to analyze the metal transfer in the globular and spray modes, respectively A new approach is proposed in this work by minimizing the energy of molten drop system. Effects of the surface tension, gravity, electromagnetic and drag forces are considered with no presumed molten drop geometry. Effects of various welding conditions on the metal transfer are explained. The results show that the proposed mode can be applied to the globular and spray transfer modes. When compared with other models, results of the proposed model show better agreements with the available experimental data, which demonstrates the validity of the present model.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.73-79
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• 1993

The phenomenon of metal transfer has been investigated for different transfer modes using a digital high speed motion analyzer and an arc shadow-graphing system based on a laser source and related optical system. It was observed that the pinch instability phenomenon did not occur for the globular transfer mode, since the liquid globule was then spherical rateher than a cylindrical liquid bar. On increasing the ratio of carbon dioxide to argon, the transition current from globular to spray transfer generally increased, but it is interesting that the transition was observed to occur at the lowest current in a 5% CO$_{2}$-95% argon gas mixture. For pure carbon dioxide and helium shielding gases, the drop frequency increased slowly with increasing current. At high currents or an argon based shielding gas, the length of liquid bar decreased as the carbon dioxide content increased. The acceleration of a droplet within the arc was determined using the gas drag force theory and was found to be greater than the experimental results.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.69-77
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• 2004

The Gaussian heat source has been widely used to simulate the heat flux of the welding we, and applied to calculating the temperature distribution of a workpiece. The conventional two-dimensional Gaussian heat source for the GMAW is modified in this work by decomposing the arc heat into heats of the cathode and metal transfer. The efficiency and effective arc radius of each heat source are determined analytically for the free-flight mode such as the globular and spray modes. The temperature distribution and weld geometry are calculated using the finite element method, and distribution of the drop heat is found to have significant effects on the penetration. The predicted results show good agreements with the available experimental results, especially with the penetration.

• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.21-21
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• 2008

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 1996.11a
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• pp.538-541
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• 1996

The flow of the molten drop in the GMAW was observed to explain the mechanism of its formation and break-up process. Fluid flew analysis was made with the assumption that the electrode wire acts like fluid, and it is shown how the convection of the drop inside affects its flow, from the formation to the break-up of the drop. In later part, the process of the spray mode development at high current is shown, as well as the one of the globular mode, by the fluid flow analysis.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.26-32
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• 2016

In this study, Hot-wire laser welding (HWLW) without keyhole which deposits filler material by feeding hot wire into the process zone has been performed to increase process performance. From the analysis of High Speed Imaging (HSI), for higher voltage, the process is prone to arc formation and drop transfer, which is disagreeable transfer mode. It is necessary that arc formation and drop (globular) transfer should be avoided by lower voltage. Therefore, continuous wire melting and transfer mode is preferred when adopting this process. The HWLW technique has high potential in terms of performance, precision, robustness and controllability for thick section of narrow gap.