• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.404-410
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• 2016

Objectives: This study aimed to examine and analyze the material safety data sheet(MSDS) information for photoresist chemicals used in certain processes in semiconductor plants. Methods: After collecting MSDS for 178 chemical products currently used in certain processes in semiconductor plants, we analyzed Sections 2, 3, 11, and 15 of each MSDS with reference to the guidelines for evaluating the reliability of MSDS provided by the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency. In addition, we reviewed the recorded uses and the ratios of trade secrets. Results and Conclusions: We studied a total of 178 chemical products. An MSDS was available for 176(98.9%) of them and all adhered to the Globally Harmonized System(GHS) regulations. There were 37 cases of errors in Hazard Identification, pertaining to 20.8% of all products surveyed. There were 64 cases of errors in the current legal circumstances, pertaining to 36.0% of all products. There were a total of 407 trade secrets across 52.2% of products. We believe that a government-led education and certification system needs to be introduced to improve the transfer of MSDS information. The government, chemical manufacturers and suppliers all need to make an effort to produce reliable MSDS.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.192-200
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• 2010

Objectives: We have investigated the toxic effects of the inhalation of subchronic and acute levels of n-octane. Methods: The rats were exposed to n-octane of 0, 2.34, 11.68 and 23.36 mg/L (n = 5 rats/group/gender) in an acute inhalation test (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) TG 403), or to 0, 0.93, 2.62 and 7.48 mg/L (n = 10 rats/group/gender) for a subchronic inhalation test (OECE TG 413), to establish a national chemical management system consistent with the Globally Harmonized Classification System (GHS). Results: Acutely-exposed rats became lethargic but recovered following discontinuation of inhalation. Other clinical symptoms such as change of body weight and autopsy finds were absent. The LC50 for the acute inhalation toxicity of n-octane was determined to exceed 23.36 mg/L and the GHS category was 'not grouping'. Subchronically-treated rats displayed no significant clinical and histopathological differences from untreated controls; also, target organs were affected hematologically, biochemically and pathologically. Therefore, the no observable adverse effect level was indicated as exceeding 7.48 mg/L and the GHS category was 'not grouping' for the specific target organ toxicity upon repeated exposure. Conclusion: However, n-octane exposure should be controlled to be below the American Conference of Industrial Hygienists recommendation (300 ppm) to prevent inhalation-related adverse health effects of workers.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.10-17
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• 2022

Currently, in Korea, lower and upper tier qualifying quantities of the 97 substances requiring preparation for accidents have been designated. The information on the submission of chemical accident prevention management plan varies depending on whether the handling volume is above or below the lower or upper qualifying quantity. Because the criteria of the lower and upper qualifying quantities of substance requiring preparation for accidents are not stipulated in the Chemical Substances Control Act, this study attempted to establish a criterion through significance verification. In addition, the study investigated whether these qualifying quantities are related to the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), toxic concentration endpoint, and National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Finally, by comparing the risk categorization of the GHS, endpoint, and NFPA, it was evaluated whether the circulation-volume-based risk categorization of the substance requiring preparation for accidents that are in the top 13 is appropriate. The qualifying quantities of benzene, toluene, and sulfuric acid needed to be adjusted upward, while those of methyl alcohol and ammonia were adjusted downward from the current qualifying quantities. It is required to establish a quantified criterion that fully reflects the domestic situations in Korea and various indicators such as toxicity, physicochemical properties, and circulation volume for the qualified criterion of hazardous chemical substances. The study is expected to be helpful in establishing an efficient system by systematizing the criterion for qualifying quantity.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.87-95
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• 2024

Background: This study focuses on assessing occupational risk for the health hazards encountered during maintenance works (MW) in semiconductor fabrication (FAB) facilities. Objectives: The objectives of this study include: 1) identifying the primary health hazards during MW in semiconductor FAB facilities; 2) reviewing the methods used in evaluating the likelihood and severity of health hazards through occupational health risk assessment (OHRA); and 3) suggesting variables for the categorization of likelihood of exposures to health hazards and the severity of health effects associated with MW in FAB facilities. Methods: A literature review was undertaken on OHRA methodology and health hazards resulting from MW in FAB facilities. Based on this review, approaches for categorizing the exposure to health hazards and the severity of health effects related to MW were recommended. Results: Maintenance workers in FAB facilities face exposure to hazards such as debris, machinery entanglement, and airborne particles laden with various chemical components. The level of engineering and administrative control measures is suggested to assess the likelihood of simultaneous chemical and dust exposure. Qualitative key factors for mixed exposure estimation during MW include the presence of safe operational protocols, the use of air-jet machines, the presence and effectiveness of local exhaust ventilation system, chamber post-purge and cooling, and proper respirator use. Using the risk (R) and hazard (H) codes of the Globally Harmonized System alongside carcinogenic, mutagenic, or reprotoxic classifications aid in categorizing health effect severity for OHRA. Conclusion: Further research is needed to apply our proposed variables in OHRA for MW in FAB facilities and subsequently validate the findings.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제29권
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• pp.4.1-4.10
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• 2014

Objectives Effects of nanoparticles including zinc oxide nanoparticles, titanium oxide nanoparticles, and their mixtures on skin corrosion and irritation were investigated by using in vitro 3D human skin models ($KeraSkin^{TM}$) and the results were compared to those of an in vivo animal test. Methods Skin models were incubated with nanoparticles for a definite time period and cell viability was measured by the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2.5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method. Skin corrosion and irritation were identified by the decreased viability based on the pre-determined threshold. Results Cell viability after exposure to nanomaterial was not decreased to the pre-determined threshold level, which was 15% after 60 minutes exposure in corrosion test and 50% after 45 minutes exposure in the irritation test. IL-$1{\alpha}$ release and histopathological findings support the results of cell viability test. In vivo test using rabbits also showed non-corrosive and non-irritant results. Conclusions The findings provide the evidence that zinc oxide nanoparticles, titanium oxide nanoparticles and their mixture are 'non corrosive' and 'non-irritant' to the human skin by a globally harmonized classification system. In vivo test using animals can be replaced by an alternative in vitro test.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.173-184
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• 2006

From the harmfulness expectation test conducted through a toxicity anticipation program, methylcyclohexane turned out to be harmful and simulative, but no carcinogenicity was anticipated. In a four-hour acute inhalation toxicity test, the result showed that lethal concentration ($LC_{50}$) was 3,750 ppm (15,054 mg/L), which was identified as a harmful substance on the basis of the harmful substance classification standard $2 of the Industrial safety and health law. methylcyclohexane fell under the category $4(2,500 substance from the GHS standard acute toxicity harmfulness classification. Also, from subchronic inhalation toxicity test that included 6 hours a day, five days a week, and for 13 weeks, we could observe weight, activity, long term weight, blood and blood biochemical influence from the exposure of test substance. No-observed effect level (NOEL) was determined below $100{\sim}400ppm$ inboth male and female. This material falls under the Category 2 ($50{\sim}250ppm/6hours/90days$) in the GHS (Globally Harmonized System) standard trace long-term whole body toxicity repeated exposure, and can be classified as a harmful substance in accordance with the Industrial Safety and Health Law harmful substance standard $NOEL{\leq}0.5mg/L/6hr/90day$ (rat).

• Toxicological Research
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.311-316
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• 2016

Effects of nanoparticles (NPs) on skin corrosion and irritation using three-dimensional human skin models were investigated based on the test guidelines of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD TG431 and TG439). EpiDerm$^{TM}$ skin was incubated with NPs including those harboring iron (FeNPs), aluminum oxide (AlNPs), titanium oxide (TNPs), and silver (AgNPs) for a defined time according to the test guidelines. Cell viabilities of EpiDerm$^{TM}$ skins were measured by the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2.5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide based method. FeNPs, AlNPs, TNPs, and AgNPs were non-corrosive because the viability was more than 50% after 3 min exposure and more than 15% after 60 min exposure, which are the non-corrosive criteria. All NPs were also non-irritants, based on viability exceeding 50% after 60 min exposure and 42 hr post-incubation. Release of interleukin 1-alpha and histopathological analysis supported the cell viability results. These findings suggest that FeNPs, AlNPs, TNPs, and AgNPs are 'non-corrosive' and 'non-irritant' to human skin by a globally harmonized classification system.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.67-83
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the single dose toxicity with oral administration and genotoxicities of Ssanghwa-tang fermented with Lactobacillus acidophyllus. Materials and Methods: Clinical signs, weight changes, lethal doses$(LD_{50})$, and postmortem evaluation were determined by Globally Harmonized Classification System(GHCS) in a single-dose oral toxicity study. In vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test was conducted with Ames test by cell proliferation suppression assessment using the cultivated CHO-K1(Chinese hamster ovary fibroblast) origins. Bacterial reversion assay was performed using Salmonella typhimurium (TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537) and Escherichia coli (WP2uvrA). In vivo micronucleus test was performed using ICR mouse bone marrow. Results: No clinical sign was observed and none of the groups with doses up to 2000 mg/kg showed significant acute oral toxicity in the single dose oral administration. None of the sample doses taken during the 6 to 18 hour groups showed significant aberrant metaphases comparing to the negative control group in the in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test. No evidence of mutagenicity was seen for Escherichia coli (WP2uvrA) or Salmonella typhimurium (TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537). No significant increase in the frequency of micronuclei was seen in the micronucleus test. Conclusion: These results indicate that the $LD_{50}$ value of Ssanghwa-Tang fermented with Lactobacillus acidophyllus may be over 2000 mg/kg and it have no acute oral toxicity and genotoxicity.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.203-211
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• 2015

Trichloroacetonitrile is used as an intermediate in insecticides, pesticides, and dyes. In Korea alone, over 10 tons are used annually. Its oral and dermal toxicity is classified as category 3 according to the globally harmonized system of classification and labelling of chemicals, and it is designated a toxic substance by the Ministry of Environment in Korea. There are no available inhalation toxicity data on trichloroacetonitrile. Thus, the present study performed inhalation tests to provide data for hazard and risk assessments. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to trichloroacetonitrile at concentrations of 4, 16, or 64 ppm for 6 hour per day 5 days per week for 13 weeks in a repeated study. As a result, salivation, shortness of breath, and wheezing were observed, and their body weights decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in the 16 and 64 ppm groups. All the rats in 64 ppm group were dead or moribund within 4 weeks of the exposure. Some significant changes were observed in blood hematology and serum biochemistry (e.g., prothrombin time, ratio of albumin and globulin, blood urea nitrogen, and triglycerides), but the values were within normal physiological ranges. The major target organs of trichloroacetonitrile were the nasal cavity, trachea, and lungs. The rats exposed to 16 ppm showed moderate histopathological changes in the transitional epithelium and olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity. Nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) and respiratory epithelium were also changed. Respiratory lesions were common in the dead rats that had been exposed to the 64 ppm concentration. The dead animals also showed loss of cilia in the trachea, pneumonitis in the lung, and epithelial hyperplasia in the bronchi and bronchioles. In conclusion, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was estimated to be 4 ppm. The main target organs of trichloroacetonitrile were the nasal cavity, trachea, and lungs.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.140-148
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• 2012

Objectives: This study was performed to provide harmonized guidelines on health and environmental classification criteria and its results of chemicals in Korea. Methods: Firstly, The history of GHS implementation in UN and Korea was reviewed. Secondly, the differences in classification criteria on health and environmental hazards among UN GHS and two Korean government agencies, Korea Ministry of Employment and Labour (KMoEL) and Korea Ministry of Environmental (KMoE). The classification results were compared between classifications of Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency (KOSHA) based on KMoEL and classifications of Korea National Institute of Environmental Research (KNIER) based on KMoE. Finally, an inter-agency harmonization on the classification criteria and the results was suggested by comparing the classification results of 5 chemicals; Benzene, carbon disulfide, formaldehyde, toluene-2,4-diisocyanate, and trichloroethylene. Results: KMoEL and KMoE revised regulations on chemical management and published a Notices on GHS classification criteria according to UN GHS document. However, the hazard to the ozone layer contained in the latest edition of UN GHS document published in 2011 was not included yet. The differences in classifications of 5 chemicals between KOSHA and KNIER were 36.2% in health hazards and 23.4% in environmental hazards, respectively. In conclusion, we suggested that a new revision be needed to include newly contained hazard and inter-agency working party be organized to harmonize classification results.