• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.491-502
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• 2012

The world's food production systems are becoming an area of great concern for both human and ecological health. Research has identified that one of the greatest threats to sustainability is conventional industrial agricultural systems and the high energy and material cost they require to function. The organic food movement is contributing as promising alternative to the current dominant model. Over the last 50 years it has developed into the most visible brand for a healthier and more environmentally sustainable food system. However, to achieve its full potential there are still a number of hurdles which must be overcome to make organic products a more viable and appealing option for consumers. This paper provides an overview of key research that has been conducted on why consumers are buying organic products, what they are buying and what is preventing them from purchasing more. It concludes that the key challenge is for the organic food movement to convince existing consumers of the superior 'value' of its products. In addition there are a number of methodological issues associated with analysing the market for organic products as well as issues of limited distribution, intermittent availability and high prices that are currently preventing increases in sales. Recognition and management of these barriers could contribute to more effective targeted research into consumer food purchasing motivations and subsequently the development of more sophisticated marketing strategies that assist in maintaining integrity with consumers and fending off challenges from conventional as well as other complementary food systems such as local food movement. And finally to achieve these market growth strategies the organic food movement will need to cope with its diverse constituency - ranging from global corporates through to local production and consumption - and provide attractive opportunities to individuals and business at all stages in supply chain whilst retaining credibility with government to ensure ongoing policy support.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.107-120
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• 2015

International logistics systems for cross-border trading aim not only to reduce costs and time, but also to maximize added value. For accuracy of shipping time, cost reduction, rapidity, and safety improvement, demand for Ro-Ro shipping as a global supply chain operating system has increased. To anticipate these demands, this study estimates the optimal demand and scale of Ro-Ro berth construction by analyzing shipping volumes between Korea and Japan. Based on Ro-Ro shipping speeds and distances between Korea and Japan, the shipping volume (container and general cargo) of Busan port is sorted into two separate zones. After analyzing the ratio of items that have great potential benefits from using Ro-Ro shipping, we estimate possible shipping volumes using Ro-Ro berth provision. The results reveal that two berths for 20,000t vessels are additionally required to accommodate the estimated volume. Results suggest the construction of an exclusive Ro-Ro berth in Busan port. This would not only accommodate the demand between Korea and Japan, but also provide a way to avoid the lean-to-one-side port policy.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.41-55
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• 2017

Industrial Revolution is a concept and a development that has fundamentally changed our society and economy. Industry 4.0 focuses on the end-to-end digitization of all physical assets and integration into digital ecosystems with value chain partners. At present, we find ourselves at the beginning of this fourth stage, which is characterized by so-called "Cyber-Physical Systems". These systems are a consequence of the far-reaching integration of production, sustainability and customer-satisfaction forming the basis of intelligent network systems and processes. If South Korea ran toward global ICT with the advent of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, North Korea has adhered to a unique Juche science and technology. ICT in South Korea and North Korea seems very difficult to find common interests. However, as seen in the Internet and intranets, information and communication technology can find similarities in many areas than in general science and technology. There are many differences not only in the level of ICT and science and technology but also in the direction. And IT terminology and all technologies are also different. What are we preparing for the unification of North and South Korea? If we look at the science and technology sector at present, there seems to be no systematic preparation by the government. South Korea and North Korea need to be prepared for science and technology cooperation. First, it is necessary to understand the exact situation of North Korea's science and technology. In this study, we will perform research to establish mid and long term plans for revitalization of ICT cooperation between the two Koreas. In this study, we will determine the extent to which the two Koreas utilize ICT based on available ICT capabilities and technologies. To do this, we conducted research to measure and evaluate the ICT development index of North Korea using ICT international index.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.96-114
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• 2023

Purpose - This paper elucidates a nexus between the occurrence of rare disaster events and the volatility of economic growth by distinguishing the likelihood of rare events from stochastic volatility. We provide new empirical facts based on a quarterly time series. In particular, we focus on the role of financial liberalization in spreading the economic crisis in developing countries. Design/methodology - We use quarterly data on consumption expenditure (real per capita consumption) from 44 countries, including advanced and developing countries, ending in the fourth quarter of 2020. We estimate the likelihood of rare event occurrences and stochastic volatility for countries using the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method developed by Barro and Jin (2021). We present our estimation results for the relationship between rare disaster events, stochastic volatility, and growth volatility. Findings - We find the global common disaster event, the COVID-19 pandemic, and thirteen country-specific disaster events. Consumption falls by about 7% on average in the first quarter of a disaster and by 4% in the long run. The occurrence of rare disaster events and the volatility of gross domestic product (GDP) growth are positively correlated (4.8%), whereas the rare events and GDP growth rate are negatively correlated (-12.1%). In particular, financial liberalization has played an important role in exacerbating the adverse impact of both rare disasters and financial market instability on growth volatility. Several case studies, including the case of South Korea, provide insights into the cause of major financial crises in small open developing countries, including the Asian currency crisis of 1998. Originality/value - This paper presents new empirical facts on the relationship between the occurrence of rare disaster events (or stochastic volatility) and growth volatility. Increasing data frequency allows for greater accuracy in assessing a country's specific risk. Our findings suggest that financial market and institutional stability can be vital for buffering against rare disaster shocks. It is necessary to preemptively strengthen the foundation for financial stability in developing countries and increase the quality of the information provided to markets.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.185-197
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• 2012

Caffe Bene, one of the most notable coffeehouse chain brands in Republic of Korea, gives us some thought-provoking issues in terms of sustainable success. Despite harsh competition among various coffeehouse brands, Caffe Bene has been accomplished astonishing outcomes in domestic market and now ranked 2^nd place in sales among the global coffeehouse franchise in 2010 and 2011. These achievements were possible mainly because Caffe Bene adopted distinctive shop design, maintained aggressive marketing strategy, developed new menu, and combined the unique Korean culture with ordinary concept of café to make its place attractive. However, since Korean coffeehouse market is getting saturated and consumers are becoming savvy about coffee, Caffe Bene needs to find a new solution to overcome growth stagnation. Besides, many experts pointed out that irrational increase in the number of stores might hurt its business in the aspect of managing distribution channel and providing consistent services. Also, customers of Caffe Bene have shown that it has to complement its critical weaknesses: inferior coffee taste and relatively high price for a cup of coffee. Especially, some people view that the company is shifting its high rental fee, interior cost and PPL marketing cost to consumers by charging high price for coffee. To get over the problems, Caffe Bene is currently using C/S Consumer Management System though experts are questioning about the efficacy because of the conflict between purpose of the system and the headquarters' plan. Present CEO Kim also announced that the company will complete its logistics system in the latter half of 2012 to provide stores with more high quality coffee beans to improve taste of coffee. Thus, in this case, we describe how Caffe Bene succeeded in Korean market and enumerate its key success factors. Also, we specify the long-term goals of Caffe Bene and introduce the current policies and strategies to show how the company is working on to achieve its ultimate goal. By reading and analyzing this business case, students could get useful insights regarding franchise management and think about issues on competing in a saturated market. Also, it would be worthwhile to generate creative solutions for the problems that Caffe Bene is now facing to broaden the practical perspective.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.1-23
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• 2019

Big data refers to data that is difficult to store, manage, and analyze by existing software. As the lifestyle changes of consumers increase the size and types of needs that consumers desire, they are investing a lot of time and money to understand the needs of consumers. Companies in various industries utilize Big Data to improve their products and services to meet their needs, analyze unstructured data, and respond to real-time responses to products and services. The financial industry operates a decision support system that uses financial data to develop financial products and manage customer risks. The use of big data by financial institutions can effectively create added value of the value chain, and it is possible to develop a more advanced customer relationship management strategy. Financial institutions can utilize the purchase data and unstructured data generated by the credit card, and it becomes possible to confirm and satisfy the customer's desire. CRM has a granular process that can be measured in real time as it grows with information knowledge systems. With the development of information service and CRM, the platform has change and it has become possible to meet consumer needs in various environments. Recently, as the needs of consumers have diversified, more companies are providing systematic marketing services using data mining and advanced CRM (Customer Relationship Management) techniques. KB Kookmin Card, which started as a credit card business in 1980, introduced early stabilization of processes and computer systems, and actively participated in introducing new technologies and systems. In 2011, the bank and credit card companies separated, leading the 'Hye-dam Card' and 'One Card' markets, which were deviated from the existing concept. In 2017, the total use of domestic credit cards and check cards grew by 5.6% year-on-year to 886 trillion won. In 2018, we received a long-term rating of AA + as a result of our credit card evaluation. We confirmed that our credit rating was at the top of the list through effective marketing strategies and services. At present, Kookmin Card emphasizes strategies to meet the individual needs of customers and to maximize the lifetime value of consumers by utilizing payment data of customers. KB Kookmin Card combines internal and external big data and conducts marketing in real time or builds a system for monitoring. KB Kookmin Card has built a marketing system that detects realtime behavior using big data such as visiting the homepage and purchasing history by using the customer card information. It is designed to enable customers to capture action events in real time and execute marketing by utilizing the stores, locations, amounts, usage pattern, etc. of the card transactions. We have created more than 280 different scenarios based on the customer's life cycle and are conducting marketing plans to accommodate various customer groups in real time. We operate a smart offering system, which is a highly efficient marketing management system that detects customers' card usage, customer behavior, and location information in real time, and provides further refinement services by combining with various apps. This study aims to identify the traditional CRM to the current CRM strategy through the process of changing the CRM strategy. Finally, I will confirm the current CRM strategy through KB Kookmin card's big data utilization strategy and marketing activities and propose a marketing plan for KB Kookmin card's future CRM strategy. KB Kookmin Card should invest in securing ICT technology and human resources, which are becoming more sophisticated for the success and continuous growth of smart offering system. It is necessary to establish a strategy for securing profit from a long-term perspective and systematically proceed. Especially, in the current situation where privacy violation and personal information leakage issues are being addressed, efforts should be made to induce customers' recognition of marketing using customer information and to form corporate image emphasizing security.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.201-209
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• 1996

Restoration of the blood flow after a period of ischemia is accompanied by generation of toxic oxygen radicals. This phenomenon may account for the occurrence of reperfusion-mediated tissue injury in ischemic hearts. In in vitro studies, although oxygen radicals can be generated from a variety of sources, including xanthine oxidase system, activated leucocytes, mitochondria and others, the most important source and mechanism of oxygen radical production in the post-ischemic reperfused hearts is unclear. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the respiratory chain of mitochondria might be an important source of oxygen radicals which are responsible for the development of the reperfusion injury of ischemic hearts. Langendorff-perfused, isolated rat hearts were subjected to 30 min of global ischemia at $37^{\circ}C$, followed by reperfusion. Amytal, a reversible inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration, was employed to assess the mitochondrial contributions to the development of the reperfusion injury. Intact mitochonria were isolated from the control and the post-ischemic reperfused hearts. Mitochondrial oxygen radical generation was measured by chemiluminescence method and the oxidative tissue damage was estimated by measuring a lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde(MDA). To evaluate the extent of the reperfusion injury, post-ischemic functional recovery and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) release were assessed and compared in Amytal-treated and -untreated hearts. Upon reperfusion of the ischemic hearts, MDA release into the coronary effluent was markedly increased. MDA content of mitochondria isolated from the post-ischemic reperfused hearts was increased to 152% of preischemic value, whereas minimal change was observed in extramitochondrial fraction. The generation of superoxide anion was increased about twice in mitochondria from the reperfused hearts than in those from the control hearts. Amytal inhibited the mitochondrial superoxide generation significantly and also suppressed MDA production in the reperfused hearts. Additionally, Amytal prevented the contractile dysfunction and the increased release of LDH observed in the reperfused hearts. In conclusion, these results indicate that the respiratory chain of mitochondria may be an important source of oxygen radical formation in post-ischemic reperfused hearts, and that oxygen radicals originating from the mitochondria may contribute to the development of myocardial reperfusion injury.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.561-566
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• 2020

We propose to design and to implement a recreational and end - of - play robot for symptom relief in patients with depression. The main symptom of depression is the loss of interest and interest in life. The depression diagnosis patient confirms the emotional analysis revealed by his / her robot through the robot, and performs the greeting or ending play. After analyzing the emotions in the expressions after the play, the function of the embodying robot is confirmed by receiving the report. A simple play can not completely cure a patient with a diagnosis of depression, but it can contribute to symptom relief through gradual use. The design of the play-by-play robot is using Q.bo One, an open-source robot that can interact with Thecorpora. Q.bo One's system captures a user's face, takes a picture, passes the value to the Azure server, and checks the emotional analysis before and after the play with the accumulated data.Play is implemented in Rasubian, the OS of Q.bo One, using the programming language Python and interacting with external sensors. The purpose of this paper is to help the symptom relief of depressive patients in a relatively short time with a play robot.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.83-91
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• 2024

According to the IEA (2022), global rechargeable battery demand is expected to reach 1.3 TWh in 2040. EV batteries will account for about 80% of this demand, and used EV batteries are expected to be discharged after 30 years. Used EV batteries can be recycled and reused to create new value. They can also resolve one of the most vulnerable parts of the battery supply chain: raw material insecurity. In this study, we analyzed the amount of used batteries generated by EV in Korea and their potential for reuse and recycling. As a result, it was estimated that the annual generation of used batteries for EV began to increase to more than 100,000 in '31 and expanded to 810,000 in '45. In addition, it was found that the market for recycling EV batteries in '45 could be expected to be equivalent to the production of 1 million batteries, and the market for reuse could be expected to be equivalent to the production of 36 Gwh of batteries. On the other hand, according to the plan standard disclosed by the recycling company, domestic used EV batteries can account for 11% of the domestic recycling processing capacity (pre-treatment) ('30). So it will be important to manage the import and export of used batteries in terms of securing raw materials.

• Design & Manufacturing
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.21-27
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• 2023

The mold industry in Japan, an advanced country in the mold industry, is also at a point of great change. The main causes are the Ukraine crisis and the collapse of the global supply chain (parts supply chain) caused by COVID-19. In addition, the prices of overseas products are rising sharply due to rapid exchange rate fluctuations (decrease in the value of the yen). Until now, Japan's monotsukuri industry has been actively pursuing overseas expansion, riding the trend of globalization. However, the trend began to rapidly reverse, and now the monotsukuri industry that had expanded overseas is showing a tendency to return to Japan. Another factor of change is the change in the automobile industry, which is the most demanded product in the mold industry. As the automobile industry evolves from gasoline cars to electric cars, the number of parts that make up a car will drastically decrease. This trend is expected to increase the demand for small-scale production of a variety of products in the mold industry, and furthermore, it is expected that short delivery times will be required in parts development. As in Korea, the production population working in the mold industry is rapidly decreasing in Japan as well. Even if you add up the total population working in manufacturing in Japan, it only accounts for about 15%. Even in Japan, it is judged that it will be difficult to sustain the monotsukuri industry with this small production population. Therefore, since improvement in production efficiency cannot be expected with the same manual dexterity as before, the mold industry is also demanding the development of mold technology at a different level than before to increase productivity. In this paper, I would like to introduce new Japanese mold technology collected through attending the Intermold exhibition. This is an example of applying a dedicated pin (Gastos) to a mold to prevent an increase in internal pressure during plastic injection molding, and a deep drawing press molding technology with an inherent hydraulic function.