• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.167-183
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• 1987

The anatomical structure of the Skeleton of thoracic limb of thirty-one adult Korean native goats(body weight: 14~17kg) was observed after skeletal preparation, and the osteometry was performed in each bone. The results were as follows; 1. The thoracic limb of the Korean native goat was composed of scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpal bones, metacarpal bones, phalanges and sesamoid bones. 2. The scapula was flat and triangular in shape. There were no distinct tuber of spine and acromion in the spine. The subscapular fossa was deep and triangular in shape and the vertebral border was sigmoid form. The coracoid bone was formed as the coracoid process at the medial aspect of the supraglenoid tubercle but the clavicle wa.s not observed. The left and right scapular indexes were 57.92 and 58.31 and the glenoid cavity indexes were 89.23 and 86.82, respectively. 3. The greater tubercle of the humerus was devided into cranial and caudal parts. The third tubercle was observed and the face for the infraspinatus muscle was rectangular form. The left and right humerus indexes were 32.44 and 32.63, the head indexes were 94.13, 96.62 and the trochlear-epidondyle indexes were 67.32 and 65.81, respectively. 4. The radius and ulna were fused entirely except at the broad proximal and narrow distal interosseous spaces. The ulna was longer than the radius, and its reduced body and distal end were fused at the caudomedial surface of the radius. 5. The carpal bones were six in number. There were radial, intermediate, ulnar, accessory, second-third and fourth carpal hones in carpal bones. 6. The metacarpal bone was composed of a large metacarpal bone resulted from the fusion of the third and fourth metacarpal bones, and there was a metacarpal tubercle at the dorsolateral part of the proximal end. There were no vestiges of the second and fifth metacarpal bones. 7. The digits were composed of third and fourth digits and each digit was composed of the proximal, middle and distal phalanges. 8. The sesamoid bones were six in number. There were two at the fetlock joint and one at the coffine joint palmarly in each digit. 9. The ratios of the lengths among the scapula, humerus, antebrachium and metacarpal bone were 1.42 : 1.47 : 1.77 : 1.00 in the left and 1.42 : 1.45 : 1.77 : 1.00 in the right, respectively.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.93-99
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• 1998

We measured the glenohumeral and scapulothoracic movements during abduction of the arm in the coronal plane with radiologic analysis in the 30 shoulders of normal male adults who were without pain, limitation of motion, and history of trauma. In the resting position, the glenoid cavity of the scapula faced somewhat superiorly in over 80 percents of the individuals, the mean superior tilting was 5.7 degrees. The mean total scapulothoracic movement was 65.8 degrees and the mean total glenohumeral movement was 106.8 degrees during abduction of arm in the coronal plane. The mean ratio of the glenohumeral movement to the scapulothoracic movement was 1.6 and this GH/ST ratio was decreased toward the extreme abduction. When the arm was abducted, external rotation of the humeral head occurred and this external rotation was increased smoothly during 0 degree through 90 degrees, but steeply above 90 degrees. The acromiohumeral interval was 10.9 mm at the resting positon, and this interval decreased during the arm abduction. The superior migration of the humeral head was 3.1 mm while abducting the arm. Our measurement of the relationships of glenohumeral and scapulothoracic movements at the coronal plane would be useful in the understandings of the biomechanics of shoulder, but further study would be required for the analysis of the three dimensional relationship because of the limitation of our two dimensional analysis.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.45-48
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• 2013

A 12-year-old male poodle weighing 2.0 kg presented for evaluation of right thoracic limb lameness. The owner reported that the dog showed recurrent bilateral shoulder joint luxation after a car accident for a year. Recently, the left shoulder joint appeared well maintained, but right shoulder joint luxation was exacerbated. On physical examination, the dog showed non-weight bearing lameness on the right thoracic limb. Craniocaudal radiographic views revealed medial displacement of the right humerus. Mediolateral radiographic views revealed overlap of the glenoid cavity and humeral head. Muscle atrophy of the right thoracic limb, reduced biceps brachii muscle tendon tone, a tear of the medial glenohumeral ligament, and a rupture of the subscapularis tendon were identified intraoperatively. Transposition of the biceps muscle tendon was performed. However, at 7 days, there was evidence of right shoulder reluxation on radiographs. The second surgery was performed with two $2mm{\times}6mm$ cortical bone anchors and a $4mm{\times}6mm$ cancellous bone anchor placed in the cortical bone of the distal scapula and the cancellous bone of the proximal humerus respectively. Two scapular bone anchors were then connected with a humeral bone anchor using heavy nylon suture to minimize shoulder abduction range of motion. On radiographs right after surgery and 6 weeks after surgery, the affected limb revealed no evidence of medial shoulder luxation. At 6 months, no evidence of lameness was noted on the right thoracic limb.