• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2004.11c
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• pp.319-321
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• 2004

The average glandular dose (AGD) is determined by the breast entrance skin exposure, x-ray tube target material, beam quality (half-value layer), breast thickness, and breast composition. Almost breast cancer always arises in glandular breast tissue. As a result, the average radiation absorbed dose to glandular tissue is the preferred measure of the radiation risk associated with mammography. If the normalized average glandular dose is known, the average glandular dose can be computed from the product of the normalized average glandular dose and breast entrance skin exposure. In this study, AGD was calculated by the breast thickness and various x-ray energy (HVL) in 50% glandular 50% adipose breast by Mo.-Rh. assembly. AGD is 84 mrad in compressed 5 cm breast. These results show that as increasing the breast thickness, dose also increases. But as increasing the x-ray tube voltage, dose decreases because of high penetrating ratio through the object. But high tube voltage is reducing the subject contrast. From this result, we have to consider the trade-off between subject contrast of image and dose to the patient and choose proper x-ray energy range.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.47-53
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• 2013

The trichomes on leaves of three species of Mentha such as M. spicata, M. suaveolens, and M. piperita var were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Simple non-glandular trichomes and peltate glandular trichomes were distinctively occurred on these leaves. In M. spicata, short and sharp non-glandular trichomes were dominantly appeared on adaxial surface, whereas capitate glandular trichomes were commonly localized on abaxial surface. In M. suaveolens, non-glandular trichomes were identified with simple unbranched and branched. Unbranched trichomes which were sharp and pointed in shape occurred on adaxial surface, however, branched and v-shaped trichomes appeared abundantly on abaxial surface. Peltate trichomes consisted of a large eight-celled head. Small capitates trichomes consisted of a cylindrical head with an one-celled uniseriate stalk. In M. piperita var, single non-glandular trichomes and peltate trichomes were present on adaxial surface. Small capitate trichomes consisted of a globose unicellular head with a two- or three-celled uniseriate stalk. Peltate trichomes were distinctly present on abaxial surface, whereas they were not observed on adaxial surface. The trichomes were less dense in this species. Peltate trichomes consisted of a large eight-celled head, with an enlarged secretory cavity, attached to an one-celled short stalk.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.33-41
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• 2004

The type of trichomes, their density and pattern of distribution on leaves of 16 genotypes of mulberry, belonging to both diploid and polyploid categories, were studied by scanning electron microscope. The present investigation was undertaken to find out the relationship of physical attributes, especially the density and trichome types with higher acceptability and better rearing performance by the silkworm Bombyx-mori L. Two types of trichomes glandular and non-glandular types were observed on both the leaf surfaces of all the mulberry genotypes studied. In general, greater densities of trichomes were observed on the abaxial surface than the adaxial surface of leaves in most of the genotypes. Distribution of glandular trichomes were more in abaxial surface and non-glandular trichomes were more in adaxial surface. Overall, distribution of glandular and non-glandular trichomes per unit area of leaf did not follow any regular pattern. When leaves of those genotypes were fed to silkworms, trichome density was found to be significantly negatively correlated with the survival of larvae i.e., effective rate of rearing, but trichome density did not influence the economic characters of rearing. As the distribution of glandular trichomes (GT) and non-glandular trichomes (NGT) did not follow any definite pattern, no relation could be established between the GT and NGT densities with silkworm rearing performance. However, the ratio of GT and NGT in a particular genotype influenced the rearing parameters, higher the ratios better the rearing performance. High GT and NGT ratio (＞1.00) was found positively significant when correlated with economic parameters viz., larval weight, single cocoon weight and single shell weight. The study is useful in screening different mulberry genotypes for their better acceptability to silk-worm and higher rearing performance at the early stage of selection without actually conducting the rearing.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.209-213
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• 2004

The glandular odontogenic cyst is a rare lesion described in 1987. It generally occurs at anterior region of mandible in adults over the age of 40 and has a slight tendency to recur. Histopathologically, a cystic cavity lined by a nonkeratinized, stratified squamous, or cuboidal epithelium varying in thickness is found including a superficial layer with glandular or pseudoglandular structures. A 21-year-old male visited Dankook University Dental Hospital with a chief complaint of swelling of the left posterior mandible. Radiographically, a huge multilocular radiolucent lesion involving impacted 3rd molar at the posterior mandible was observed. Buccolingual cortical expansion with partial perforation of buccal cortical bone was also shown. Histopathologically, this lesion was lined by stratified squamous epithelium with glandular structures in areas of plaque-like thickening. The final diagnosis was made as a glandular odontogenic cyst.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.159-170
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• 1998

The glandular secretory system of the capitate gandular trichomes in leaf of Thymus quinquecostatus Celakovsky was examined by transmission electron microscope. The glandular trichome was consisted of three cell layers; an basal cell layer, a stalk cell with single-celled intermediate layer and a discoid secretory layer with thickened cuticle. The secretory cell was dense, rich in mitochondria, rER, plastds, Golgi complex and had many vesicular structure. Typical plastids with reticulate body and plastoglobule were present in glandular trichome. The tytoplasm of secretory cell was filled with osmiophilic secretory materials. The secretory vesicles, originated from Golgi complex, appeared as membrane bounded vesicles and secreted to the outer wall surface. The presences of well developed rER, mitochondria, Golgi complex, and membrane-bounded vesicles fused with plasmalemma in the secreting cells indicate that the granulocrine mechanism of secretion was occurring in T. quinquecostatus. Subcuticular cavity was developed between the cuticular layer and the secretory cell wall, and it formed above the secretory cell upon separation of cuticle-wall.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.298-302
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• 2017

Glandular papilloma of the lung is one of three histologic types of solitary endobronchial papillomas. It is known as an uncommon benign neoplasm. No malignant glandular papillomas have been reported. Herein, the first case of granular papilloma with malignant transformation is reported. A 74-year-old man with huge right lung mass extended upper and lower lobe was admitted to the hospital complaining of progressive cough and dyspnea. An open lung biopsy was performed. Microscopically, the tumor showed papillary growth pattern with thick fibrovascular cores. The stroma of the fibrovascular cores shown the infiltration of lymphoplasmacytic cells and proliferation of capillaries. The epithelial cells surrounding the papillary fronds were cilliated columnar cells with focal cellar atypia, and frequent mitoses. Suspicious pleural invasion foci were identified. The Ki-67 labeling index was about 24.3% and p53 labeling index was about 31.7%. Glandular papilloma is known as a benign neoplasm, which is lack of atypia and mitosis. In present case, there were several indications of malignant transformation, such as cellular atypia, frequent mitosis, architectural distortion, and pleural invasion. Pathologists must be aware that glandular papilloma can have a changes of malignant transformation. Further studies about disease behavior and molecular characteristics are needed.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.55-58
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• 2014

Mixed squamous cell and glandular papilloma of the lung is an extremely rare benign epithelial tumor showing a mixture of squamous and glandular epithelium. Here, we report a case of mixed squamous cell and glandular papilloma that presented as a solitary nodule in the left lower lobe of a 64-year-old woman. Chest computed tomography demonstrated a lobulated mass in the basal segment of the left lower lobe. The patient underwent a lobectomy under the suspicion of lung malignancy. The histopathological diagnosis was mixed squamous cell and glandular papilloma.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 2010

Vitex negundo is an aromatic plant which releases a unique scent due to the presence of essential oil stored presumably within glandular trichomes. The focus of this research was to study developmental patterns of glandular trichomes in Vitex negundo leaves using electron microscopy. There are two types of glandular trichomes which develop on the leaf epidermis of Vitex negundo, peltate glandular type (PT) and capitate glandular type (CT). Structural features differ significantly depending on size and density, formation of secretory cavity, plastid, etc during developmental stages. In young leaves, undifferentiated PTs are densely distributed in the upper epidermis, but are not externally exposed in the lower epidermis because they are covered by non-glandular simple trichomes. Upon leaf development, PTs and CTs show clear structural differentiation in the upper and lower epidermis. PTs are composed of up to eight head cells (ca. 35~40 ${\mu}m$) and one stalk cell (ca. 5 ${\mu}m$), while CTs are composed of four head cells (ca. 10~15 ${\mu}m$) and 1~2 stalk cells (ca. 10 ${\mu}m$). Although secretory cavities develop on the secretory head cells, their size, structure, and formation proceed very differently depending on trichome type. In early development of PT, a large cavity with numerous secretory vesicles form rapidly from the head cells. In CT, however, only a small secretory cavity is formed, slowly relative to PT, without secretory vesicles. The PTs are considered to play an important role in releasing the aromatic components of Vitex negundo.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1991

The present investigation was focussed on histochemical and electron microscopical observations of utero-vaginal(U-V) glands in U-V junctions of domestic hens. In histochemical observations, fine granules by PAS technique for mucopolysaccharides and nile blue stain for acidic lipids were slightly stained on the cytoplasm of U-V glandular epithelium. Larger granules by Sudan black B stain for neutral fat and phospholipids and Sudan III stain for neutral fat were heavily stained on the perinuclear region of the U-V gland epithelial cells. These positive materials were heavily stained on the U-V glandular epithelium of lowfecundity hens and non-laying hens. In scanning electron microscopic findings of the U-V junction surface, the orifices of U-V glands are seen as the crater-like invagination. The neck of the U-V gland and the epithelium of U-V iunction were covered by ciliated epithelial cells. Aggregates of spermatozoa are observed often to be on the necks of the U-V gland. These spermatozoa heads are embedded in the glandular tubules and many spermatozoa tails are free on the epithelium of uterine surface. In transmission electron microscopic findings, the epithelial cells of the U-V glandular orifices were ciliated, columnar cells. The apical regions of these cells contained numerous electrondense, round secretory granules of uniformly size. The epithelial cells of the U-V glandular tubule were columnar or pyramid shape with round or oval nuclei. These epithelial cells have numerous microvilli and also contained electron-dense, round secretary granules of uniformly size and electron-lucent vesicles of various size. Spermatozoa are seen as the cross-sections of various regions of heads and tails in glandular tubules. Also spermatozoa arranged longitudinally parallel within the glandular tubules.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.174-177
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• 2001

Glandular odontogenic cyst(GOC) is a rare cyst of odontogenic origin, first described in 1988 by Gardner et al. Three glandular odontogenic cysts are presented which were experienced in the Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial surgery, Yonsei University. The clinical characteristics, radiologic and histopathologic features, and method of treatment are discussed. One occured in the anterior maxilla, others in the mandible body area. One in the anterior maxilla showed swelling and tenderness, others not. All the lesion presented radiographically unilocular radiolucent lesion. Histopathologically, those were lined by nonkeratinizing stratified squamous epithelium of varying thickness showing plaque-like or spherical thickening. Partially, eosinophilic cuboidal cells lined the intraepithelial microcysts. Also, ciliated cuboidal cells and mucinous cells were observed. The cysts were treated by enucleation.