• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.211-217
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• 2008

To find up using of more efficient white ginseng, white ginseng was dried on various temperature (70, 80, 90,100, 110, 120, 130 and $140^{\circ}C$) with far-infrared drier and analyzed the composition of ginsenoside, carbohydrate, organic acid content and color. The type of ginseng shape was sliced and dried main and fine root, separately. As heating temperature increased, total ginsenoside content increased on main root, its content was the highest at $130^{\circ}C$, while decreased on fine root. Soluble carbohydrate content was the highest at $70^{\circ}C$ both on main and fine root. Increase of Re, Rc and Rb2 content was increased more high at $130^{\circ}C$, especially. But on fine root, content of Rg1, Rg3, Rf and Rb3 was increased and Re, Rc,Rb1 and Rb2 were decreased by the increased of temperature. As heating temperature increased, lightness of both main and fine root were decreased. Redness and yellowness of both main and fine root was increased to $120^{\circ}C$ and $100^{\circ}C$, respectively and decreased over this temperature.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.332-340
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• 2013

In this study, gamma rays were used to irradiate embryogenic calli induced from cotyledon explants of Panax ginseng Meyer. After the embryogenic calli were irradiated, they were transferred to adventitious roots using an induction medium; next, mutated adventitious root (MAR) lines with a high frequency of adventitious root formations were selected. Two MAR lines (MAR 5-2 and MAR 5-9) from the calli treated with 50 Gy of gamma rays were cultured on an $NH_4NO_3$-free Murashige and Skoog medium with indole-3-butyric acid 3 mg/L. The expression of genes related to ginsenoside biosynthesis was analyzed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction with RNA prepared from native ginseng (NG), non-irradiated adventitious root (NAR) and 2 MAR lines. The expression of the squalene epoxidase and dammarenediol synthase genes was increased in the MAR 5-2 line, whereas the phytosterol synthase was increased in the MAR 5-9 line. The content and pattern of major ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, and Rg1) were analyzed in the NG, NAR, and 2 MAR lines (MAR 5-2 and MAR 5-9) using TLC and HPLC. In the TLC analysis, the ginsenoside patterns in the NG, NAR, and 2 MAR lines were similar; in contrast, the MAR 5-9 line showed strong bands of primary ginsenosides. In the HPLC analysis, compared with the NG, one new type of ginsenoside was observed in the NAR and 2 MAR lines, and another new type of ginsenoside was observed in the 2 MAR lines irradiated with gamma rays. The ginsenoside content of the MAR 5-9 line was significantly greater in comparison to the NG.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1998.05a
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• pp.32-32
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• 1998

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 1982

Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf and Rg1 were effectively isolated from ginseng root by preparative liquid chromatography (LC) on two PrepPAK-500/c18 cartridges in series and semipreparative LC on a .mu. Bondapak cabohydrate analysis column, a .mu.Bondapak C18 column or a .mu. Porasil column. The identities of the isolated ginsenosides were confirmed by analytical high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and infrared spectrophotometry. By this method large scale isolation of pure ginsenosides was efficiently accomplished.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.1003-1006
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• 2003

The quality of dried ginseng products (white ginseng, red ginseng, and taeguk ginseng) was investigated according to the National Standards. All the dried ginseng products met the general quality standard established: moisture content of 14.0% or less, ash content of 5.0% or less, and water-saturated n-butanol extracts of 2.0% or more. Ginsenoside $Rb_1$, Rf, and $Rg_1$, the effective components of Korean ginseng were detected by HPLC analysis. However, uniformity of individual products within a package was not kept for almost all of the products except for red ginseng products.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.254-259
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• 1995

The content and composition of saponin compounds of Panax species were analyzed according to their species, region and processing type of red and white ginseng. The species employed were Korean-, Chinese-, Japanese red ginsengs, and Korean white ginseng of Panax ginseng, American- and Canadian ginsengs of Panax quinquefolium, and Panax notoinseng. Twelve main saponin components in the ginseng were identified and quantified using TLC and HPLC. All three species had remarkably different content and composition. However, within each species they were similar. Twelve major ginsenosides were determined in P. ginseng, eight in p. quinquefolium, and six in P. notoginseng. Of the components of P ginseng Rf, $Rh_1$, $Rh_2$ and Ra were not detected in P quinquefolium, and $Rb_2$, Rc, Rf, $Rh_2$, Ra and Ro not detected in P. notoinseam. Crude saponin content and protopanaxadiol/protopanaxatriol saponin ratio were compared. They were 4.81~5.24% and 1.27~ 1.45 in p. ginsengs, 7.01~7.25% and 2.12~ 2.15 in p. quinquefolium, 9.80% and 0.99 in P. notoineng. The prosapogenin and sapogenin content were different among the Panax species.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.12
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• pp.1740-1746
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• 2016

In this study, we investigated the nutritional and functional constituents as well as quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of Korean cultivated wild ginseng (KG). The chemical compositions and amino acid content of KG were 7.56% water, 73.01% carbohydrates, 12.58% protein, 1.99% lipids, and 5.54% ash as well as 16.17 mg/g of amino acids, respectively. The major ginsenoside and minor ginsenoside contents of KG were 15.94 mg/g and 0.04 mg/g, respectively. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of KGE (Korean cultivated wild ginseng with 70% ethanol extract) were 8.93 mg GAE/g and 3.96 mg RHE/g, respectively. KGE also showed higher antioxidant activity than the other extracts (KGW, Korean cultivated wild ginseng with water extract) with regard to DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities (57.75% and 70.73%, respectively), nitrite oxide scavenging activity (44.01%), SOD-like activity (78.05%), reducing power activity ($1.08OD_{700nm}$), and ferrous ion-chelating activity (65.33%). Additionally, KGE had higher elastase, collagenase, and tyrosinase inhibition activities than KGW. These results suggest that KGE can be used as a bioactive and functional material in the food industry.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.329-338
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• 2017

This study was investigated the changes of quality stability and physicochemical characteristics of the Korean red ginsengs stored for a long times over 20 years. The Korean red ginsengs were stored for 4 to 22 years in canned packaging with polypropylene film and wooden box at room temperatures. The unusal phenomena such as discoloration and pin hole in packaging were not observed. General bacteria showed the vlaues of below 100 CFU/g, coliform groups and molds were not found in any samples stored for 22 year. Any samples also were not detected in mycotoxins. The contents of moisture, ash and crude saponin were the levels of 10.6~11.1%, 3.8~4.2% and 4.1~4.7% during the whole storage periods, respectively. The contents of maltol, which has been known as characteristic flavour and antioxidant of Korean red ginseng, showed remarkably increasing tendency from 0.10 mg/g for 4 years to 2.53 mg/g for 22 years during the storage. The contents of AFG (arginyl-fructosyl-glucose), arginine and free sugar were slightly decreased. Acidic polysaccharide and ginsenoside were not changed significantly during the storage periods. The contents of acidic polysaccharide and total ginsenosides were the 75.1~76.3 mg/g and 15.1~16.6 mg/g, respectively. The sums of ginsenoside-Rg1,-Rb1 and -Rg3s were the ranges of 9.3~9.9 mg/g and PD (ginsenoside-Rb1, -Rb2,-Rc,-Rd,-Rg3s,-Rg3r)/PT (ginsenoside-Rg1,-Rg2,-Re,-Rf,-Rh1) saponin ratios were the levels of 1.4~1.5. These results suggest that Korean red ginsengs stored for long periods show relatively stable quaility stabilities and not significantly changed the contents of ginsenoside and polysaccharide during the storage up to 22 years.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.434-438
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• 2008

To selection of optimal shading material, two-year-old ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) of new cultivar, 'Cheonpoong' (CP), and native species 'Hwangsookjong' (HS) were cultured under three kinds of shading materials such as three-layered blue and a one-layered black PE (polyethylene) net (TBSB), blue PE sheet (BS), and aluminium coated PE sheet (AS) in imperfectly drained paddy soil. Growth characteristics, yield and ginsenoside contents were investigated under three shading materials. Yield and ginsenoside contents of ginseng were distinctly affected by intensity and quality of sunlight penetrated through shading materials. Light transmission ratio, air and soil temperature according to shading materials were higher in order of BS, AS, and TBSB. However, ratio of aerial phase and porosity of the soil were higher in order of AS, BS, and TBSB, respectively. There was no significantly difference in the ratio of rusty colored root by shading materials. CP showed higher stem length, leaf area, and root weight than that of HS, while the former showed distinctly lower discolored leaf ratio than that the other. Eight kinds of ginsenosides content of CP were higher than that of HS in $Rg_1$, Re, Rf, $Rb_1$ and Rc except $Rg_2$, $Rb_2$, and $Rb_3$. Total ginsenoside contents of CP was distinctly higher than that of HS. Total ginsenoside contents as affected by shading materials was higher in order of BS, TBSB, and AS in CP, while TBSB, BS, and AS in HS.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.157-161
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• 2011

Growth characteristics, root yield and ginsenoside contents of 3-year-old ginseng in greenhouse shaded by $30^{\circ}$ sloped-curtain made of aluminum were compared to traditional shade facility in order to develop cultural practice for organic ginseng. Light transmittance ratio in greenhouse with $30^{\circ}$ sloped-curtain shade was distinctly lower than that of traditional shade from sunrise to 9 a.m., while its ratio in greenhouse was higher than traditional shade since 9 a.m. due to the reflection of light. Air temperature of greenhouse was $1.3^{\circ}C$ higher than that of traditional shade on the first ten days of August due to more reflected light. Root yield of greenhouse was 44% higher than that of traditional cultivation because of the inflow of reflected light and the decrease of disease of Alternaria and Anthracnose by blocking rainfall. Dry matter partitioning ratio of rhizome and lateral root were increased in ginseng cultivated at greenhouse due to longer survival time in leaf than traditional cultivation. Total ginsenoside contents cultivated at greenhouse was decreased in the part of taproot, while it was increased in the part of lateral and fine root compare to traditional cultivation. Individual ginsenoside contents between greenhouse and traditional cultivation showed significant difference more frequent in fine root than taproot and lateral root. Total ginsenoside contents including $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, $Rg_1$, and $Rg_2$ in whole root of 3-year-old ginseng did not showed significant difference by greenhouse and traditional cultivation.