• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.36-42
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• 2017

Background: Some differences have been reported in the biotransformation of ginsenosides, probably due to the types of materials used such as ginseng, enzymes, and microorganisms. Moreover, most microorganisms used for transforming ginsenosides do not meet food-grade standards. We investigated the statistical conversion rate of major ginsenosides in ginsenosides model culture during fermentation by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to estimate possible pathways. Methods: Ginsenosides standard mix was used as a model culture to facilitate clear identification of the metabolic changes. Changes in eight ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, and Rg2) during fermentation with six strains of LAB were investigated. Results: In most cases, the residual ginsenoside level decreased by 5.9-36.8% compared with the initial ginsenoside level. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Re continuously decreased during fermentation. By contrast, Rd was maintained or slightly increased after 1 d of fermentation. Rg1 and Rg2 reached their lowest values after 1-2 d of fermentation, and then began to increase gradually. The conversion of Rd, Rg1, and Rg2 into smaller deglycosylated forms was more rapid than that of Rd from Rb1, Rb2, and Rc, as well as that of Rg1 and Rg2 from Re during the first 2 d of fermentation with LAB. Conclusion: Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Re continuously decreased, whereas ginsenosides Rd, Rg1, and Rg2 increased after 1-2 d of fermentation. This study may provide new insights into the metabolism of ginsenosides and can clarify the metabolic changes in ginsenosides biotransformed by LAB.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.222-227
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• 1980

Ginsenosides in two parts (central fart and epidermis-cortex) of main body of Korea ginseng root (purple stem variety) were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography in relation to purple color intensity on stem. Pattern similarity of saponin by simple correlation of ginsenosides between the same or different parts of root in the same or different group showed that stem color was not associated with saponin pattern in two parts. Saponin pattern was slightly different between different parts regardless of stem color. The order of each ginsenoside content was $Rg_1>Re>Rb_1>Rb_2>Rc>Rg_2{\geq}Rd>Rf$ in epidermis-cortex while $Rg_1>Re{\geq}Rg_2{\geq}Rb_1{\gg}Rb_2>Rc{\geq}Rd>Rf$ in central part.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.121-126
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• 2016

Background: Ginsenoside F1, a pharmaceutical component of ginseng, is known to have antiaging, antioxidant, anticancer, and keratinocyte protective effects. However, the usage of ginsenoside F1 is restricted owing to the small amount found in Korean ginseng. Methods: To enhance the production of ginsenoside F1 as a 10 g unit with high specificity, yield, and purity, an enzymatic bioconversion method was developed to adopt the commercial enzyme Cellulase KN from Aspergillus niger with food grade, which has ginsenoside-transforming ability. The proposed optimum reaction conditions of Cellulase KN were pH 5.0 and $50^{\circ}C$. Results: Cellulase KN could effectively transform the ginsenosides Re and Rg1 into F1. A scaled-up biotransformation reaction was performed in a 10 L jar fermenter at pH 5.0 and $50^{\circ}C$ for 48 h with protopanaxatriol-type ginsenoside mixture (at a concentration of 10 mg/mL) from ginseng roots. Finally, 13.0 g of F1 was produced from 50 g of protopanaxatriol-type ginsenoside mixture with $91.5{\pm}1.1%$ chromatographic purity. Conclusion: The results suggest that this enzymatic method could be exploited usefully for the preparation of ginsenoside F1 to be used in cosmetic, functional food, and pharmaceutical industries.

• Near Infrared Analysis
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.45-48
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• 2000

The effective component Ginsenoside in Ginseng has been widely used to cure some hypochondriasis and be as supplementary medicines. There are many chemical analysis methods to measure the contents of Ginsenoside in Ginseng; however, all these methods have some shortcomings such as long time, environmental pollution and damaging the samples. In this paper, it is possible to use near infrared spectroscopy to measure the content of Ginsenoside in Ginseng without destruction. As the results, Rg1, Rb1, Re and T-Saponin of Ginsenoside can be measured with the accuracy of R(0.81) SEP (1.704 mg/g), R(0.74) SEP (1.211 mg/g), R (0.78) SEP (1.049 mg/g) and R(0.84), SEP(4.537 mg/g).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.8
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• pp.748-755
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to find out effects of treatment of ginsenoside Re, Rc and EGCG on mRNA expressions of leptin, hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) and resistin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The concentrations of EGCG were treated with $0.01{\times}10^{-7},\;0.1{\times}10^{-7},\;1{\times}10^{-7}\;and\;1{\times}10^{-6}\;or\;100{\mu}g/ml$ ginsenoside Re, Rc in culture cell for 13 days. mRNA expression of leptin wasn't expressed in preadipocyte but according to differentiation of adipocyte, the that of mRNA expression was decreased at gensenosids or EGCG treated cells compared with non treated adipocyte. Expression of HSL mRNA was increased in G-Re, G-Rc and EGCG treated cells compared with non treated cells. The resistin level was significantly decreased in adipocytes treated with G-Re, G-Rc and EGCG. These pattern was similar to leptin expression. These results support that treatment of gensenosides or EGCG in 3T3-L1 adipocyte resulted to affect of leptin and resistin as well as HSL mRNA levels, accordingly, levels of leptin and HSL will be acted by signalling body fat stores to the hypothalamus which in turn regulates food intake andenergy expenditure to maintain body weight homeostasis. And also regulation of resistin mRNA will prevent to diabetics attacked with obesity. In conclusion, we suggest that consumption of ginseng saponine or EGCG might prevent human diabetics or/and obesity.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.369-374
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• 2012

The berry of Panax ginseng significantly inhibited the histamine releases at the concentration of $30{\mu}g/mL$ (p<0.05) and $10{\mu}g/mL$ (p<0.01). The ginsenoside Re from ginseng berry was found out to have a potent effect in the experiment of histamin and cytokine release.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.536-539
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• 2003

Commercial white and red ginseng concentrates were analysed for total ginsenoside contents, and compositions of ginsenosides $Rb_1,\;Rb_2,\;Rc,\;Re,\;Rf,\;Rg_1,\;20(S)\;Rg_3,\;20(S)\;Rh_1,\;and\;20(R)\;Rh_1$. The content of crude saponin and total ginsenosides of white ginseng concentrates (WGC) were about 2-3 times higher than those of red ginseng concentrates (RGC). HPLC showed that each ginsenoside content was higher in WGC, with those of $Rb_1,\;Rg_1,\;and\;Rb_2$ being over three times higher than that of RGC. 20(S)- and 20(R)-ginsenoside $Rg_3$, specific artifacts found only in red ginseng, were detected both in WGC and RGC by HPLC. differences in the contents of these specific ginsenosides between WGC and RGC were not significant. The contents of 20(S)-ginsenoside $Rg_1$, determined by HPLC were 0.40 and 0.53 in WGC, whereas 0.48% and 0.47%, and those of 20(R)-ginsenoside $Rg_3$, were 0.14 and 0.22% in WGC, and 0.10 and 0.11% in RGC using the methods of shibata and food Code, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.23-31
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• 2014

This study was carried out to investigate change of ginsenoside contents in red and fresh ginseng according to root part and age by hydrolysis. Neutral total ginsenoside contents by hydrolysis in 6-year main root and lateral root were significantly increased than those by non-hydrolysis, as 41.6 and 32.8%, respectively. However, there was no significant difference in red ginseng. In fresh ginseng, ginsenoside contents of the protopanaxatriol group such as Re, Rf, $Rg_1$, $Rg_2$, and $Rh_1$ were not significantly different, but $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, $Rb_3$, Rc, and Rd showed significant difference. The increase rate of neutral total ginsenoside content by hydrolysis was higher in epidermis-cortex than stele. Also, the neutral total ginsenoside content was fine root > rhizome > lateral root > main root, respectively. While there was no tendency towards the increase of ginsenoside by hydrolysis with the increase of root age in fine root and rhizome, there was significant decrease in main root and lateral root.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1978.09a
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• pp.55-66
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• 1978

Five ginsenosides $(A_1,\;A_2,\;B_1,\;B_2,\;C)$ and a yellow pigment were isolated from American ginseng stems and leaves. Ginsenoside $A_2,\;B_1,\;B_2$ and C were proven to be identical with Korean ginseng root ginsenoside $Rg_1,$ Rd, Re and $Rb_2,$ respectively. The yellow pigment proved identical with panasenoside isolated from Korean ginseng leaves. Ginsenoside $A_1$, which was also present in American ginseng roots, was not identical to any of the known root (ginsenoside $R_{0}-Rg_{2}$) and leaf (ginsenoside $F_{1}-F_{3}$) Korean ginseng saponins. A gas-liquid chromatographic method was developed to analyze ginsenosides and sapogenins in rabbit plasma and urine samples. Panasenoside and stigmasterol were found to be the best internal standards for ginsenosides and sapogenihs, respectively. Ginsenoside C had a significantly longer half-life, higher plasma protein binding, lower metabolic and renal clearance than ginsenoside $A_1,\;A_2\;and\;B_2$. Ginsenosides were not found in rabbit plasma and urine samples after oral administration. Ginsenoside C had a higher toxicity than ginsenoside $A_2$ after intraperitoneal administration to mice. Toxicity was not observed after oral administration of the ginsenosides.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.8
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• pp.1194-1200
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the compositional changes of ginsenosides and phenolic acids of ginseng leaf by fermentation in order to promote the utilization of ginseng leaf. The chief ginsenosides in non-fermented ginseng leaf (NFGL) were ginsenoside-Rg1 (26.0 mg/g), -Re (47.3 mg/g) and -Rd (23.9 mg/g). By fermentation, ginsenoside-Rg1, -Rb1, -Rb2, -Rb3, -Rc and -Re were decreased tremendously and new ginsenoside-Rh2, -Rh1, -Rg2 and -Rg3 appeared. Especially, ginsenoside-Rg3 (3.7 mg/g) on FGL was increased 15-fold compared to that of NFGL (0.2 mg/g). Total phenolic compound content of NFGL and FGL measured by colorimetric analysis was 350.4 and 312.5 mg%, respectively. There were 8 free and 6 ester forms of phenolic acids in NFGL. Among them, content of ferulic acid was the highest, comprised of 12.6 and 50.7 mg%, respectively. In FGL, total content of protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and vanillic acid were increased by 28, 5 and 7.8 fold and ferulic acid was decreased greatly. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity of FGL was stronger than NFGL, while electron donating abilities of FGL were similar to NFGL.