• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.111-116
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• 2005

The two different ways to supply air inside the bioreactor were examined in the adventitious root cultures of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. First, the aeration rate varied at 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 vvm, respectively which were supplied during the whole culture period. Second, the amount of air supply was increased from 0.05 to 0.3 vvm at 10-day intervals in proportion to the root growth. Both the root growth and the ginsenoside accumulation were maximized to 175.8 g dry wt. of root growth and 4.3 mg/g dry wt. of ginsenoside accumulation when the aeration rate was increased gradually. The effect of the sparger pore size (15, 30 and $60\;{\mu}m$) in the bioreactor was also investigated, which suggested the greatest root growth (175.9 g dry wt.) in the $15{\mu}m$-sized sparger and the highest ginsenoside content (4.3 mg/g dry wt.) in the $60\;{\mu}m$ size. Finally, the diameter of a sparger ($15\;{\mu}m$-sized) varied at 1.5, 3.0, 5.0 and 8.0 cm, respectively. The highest root growth (191.9 g dry wt.) and the ginsenoside content (4.9 mg/g dry wt.) were obtained in the sparger diameter of 8.0 cm.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.375-382
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• 2015

Ginsenosides (ginseng saponin) as the one of important pharmaceutical compounds of ginseng and is responsible for the pharmacological and biological activities. These ginsenoside produces diverse small molecules ginsenoside which have more pharmacological activities including anti-wrinkle, anti-cancer and anti-oxidant effects. In the present study, we isolated bacteria using esculin agar, to produce ${\beta}$-glucosidase, and we focused on the bio-transformation of ginsenoside. Phylogenetic tree analysis was performed by comparing the 16S rRNA sequences; we identified the strain as Stenotrophomonas rhizopilae strain GFC09. In order to determine the optimal conditions for enzyme activity, the crude enzyme was incubated with 1 mM ginsenoside $Rb_1$. Bioconversion of ginsenoside $Rb_1$ were analyzed using TLC and HPLC. The crude enzyme hydrolyzed the ginsenoside $Rb_1$ along the following pathway: LB: $Rb_1{\rightarrow}Rd{\rightarrow}F_2$ into compound K, TSB: $Rb_1{\rightarrow}Rd{\rightarrow}F_2$. The structure of the hydrolyzed metabolites were identified by NMR. The activity screening tests showed that the conversion product induced the production of type I procollagen in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggested that hydrolyzed ginseng product containing the ginsenoside $F_2$ and compound K could be useful as an active ingredient for wrinkle-care cosmetics.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.391-397
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• 2020

In this study, we used a novel α-L-arabinopyranosidase (AbpBs) obtained from ginsenoside-converting Blastococcus saxobsidens that was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), and then applied it in the biotransformation of ginsenoside Rb₂ into Rd. The gene, termed AbpBs, consisting of 2,406 nucleotides (801 amino acid residues), and with a predicted translated protein molecular mass of 86.4 kDa, was cloned into a pGEX4T-1 vector. A BLAST search using the AbpBs amino acid sequence revealed significant homology with a family 2 glycoside hydrolase (GH2). The over-expressed recombinant AbpBs in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) catalyzed the hydrolysis of the arabinopyranose moiety attached to the C-20 position of ginsenoside Rb₂ under optimal conditions (pH 7.0 and 40℃). Kinetic parameters for α-L-arabinopyranosidase showed apparent K_m and V_max values of 0.078 ± 0.0002 μM and 1.4 ± 0.1 μmol/min/mg of protein against p-nitrophenyl-α-L-arabinopyranoside. Using a purified AbpBs (1 ㎍/ml), 0.1% of ginsenoside Rb₂ was completely converted to ginsenoside Rd within 1 h. The recombinant AbpBs could be useful for high-yield, rapid, and low-cost preparation of ginsenoside Rd from Rb₂.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.42-61
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• 2005

Objectives:The ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1, the major components of ginseng saponin, have neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects including promotion of neuronal survival and proliferation, facilitation of learning and memory, and protection from ischemic injury and apoptosis. In this study, to investigate the molecular basis of the effects of ginsenoside on neuron, we analyzed gene expression profiling of SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells treated with ginsenoside Rg1 or Rb1. Methods:SH-SY5Y cells were cultured and treated in triplicate with ginsenoside Rg1 or Rb1($80{\mu}M$, $40{\mu}M$, $20{\mu}M$). The proliferation rates of SH-SY5Y cells were determined by MTT assay and microscopic examination. We used a high density cDNA microarray chip that contained 8K human genes to analyze the gene expression profiles in SH-SY5Y cells. We analyzed using the Significance Analysis of Microarray(SAM) method for identifying genes on a microarray with statistically significant changes in expression. Results:Treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with $80{\mu}M$ ginsenoside Rg1 or Rb1 for 36h showed maximal proliferation compared with other concentrations or control. The results of the microarray experiment yielded 96 genes were upregulated(${\geq}$3 fold) in Rg1 treated cells and 40 genes were up-regulated(${\geq}$2 fold) in Rb1 treated cells. Treatment with ginsenoside Rg1 for 36h induced the expression of some genes associated with protein biosynthesis, regulation of transcription or translation, cell proliferation and growth, neurogenesis and differentiation, regulation of cell cycle, energy transport and others. Genes associated with neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation such as SCG10 and MLP increased in ginsenoside Rg1 treated cells, but such changes did not occur in Rb1-group. Conclusion:Our data provide novel insights into the gene mechanisms involved in possible role for ginsenoside Rg1 or Rb1 in mediating neuronal proliferation or cell viability, which can elicit distinct patterns of gene expression in neuronal cell line. Ginsenoside Rg1 have more broad and strong effects than ginsenoside Rb1 in gene expression and related cellular physiology. In addition, we suggest that SCG10 gene, which is known to be expressed in neuronal differentiation during development and neuronal regeneration during adulthood, may have a role in enhancement of activity dependent synaptic plasticity or cytoskeletal regulation following treatment of ginsenoside Rg1. Further, ginsenoside Rg1 may have a possible role in regeneration of injured neuron, promotion of memory, and prevention from aging or neuronal degeneration.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.221-225
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• 2004

The root of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer has been used as a traditional anti-aging and anti-wrinkle agent in the Orient. However, it is still unknown which component of ginseng is effective at suppressing wrinkle formation. Recently at least twenty ginsenosides regarded as the main active ingredients of ginseng have been isolated. Among them, we examined the effect of ginsenoside Rg3 on dermal ECM metabolism to elucidate the mechanism of anti-wrinkle by ginseng. In our study, to investigate the anti-wrinkle effect of the ginsenoside Rg3, ECM component and growth factor in dennis were evaluated by ELISA assay. Ginsenoside Rg3 was found to stimulate type I procollagen and fibronectin (FN) biosynthesis in a dose-dependent manner in normal human fibroblast culture (p < 0.05, n =3), and dose-dependently enhance TGF- ${\beta}$1 level (p < 0.05, n =3). In RT-PCR analysis mRNA level of c-Jun, a member of AP-1 transcription factor, was reduced by ginsenoside Rg3 in normal human fibroblast culture. These results indicate that ginsenoside Rg3 stimulates type I collagen and FN synthesis through the changes of TGF - ${\beta}$1 and AP-1 expression in fibroblasts.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.145-151
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• 2006

We investigated the effects of Ginsenoside $R_e$ on human sperm motility in fertile and asthenozoospermic infertile individuals in vitro and the mechanism by which the Ginsenosides play their roles. The semen samples were obtained from 10 fertile volunteers and 10 asthenozoospermic infertile patients. Spermatozoa were separated by Percoll and incubated with 0, 1, 10 or $100\;{\mu}M$ of Ginsenoside $R_e$. Total sperm motility and progressive motility were measured by computer-aided sperm analyzer (CASA). Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity was determined by the $^{3}H$-arginine to $^{3}H$-citrulline conversion assay, and the NOS protein was examined by the Western blot analysis. The production of sperm nitric oxide (NO) was detected using the Griess reaction. The results showed that Ginsenoside $R_e$ significantly enhanced both fertile and infertile sperm motility, NOS activity and NO production in a concentration-dependent manner. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 100 nM), a NO donor, mimicked the effects of Ginsenoside $R_e$. And pretreatment with a NOS inhibitor $N^{w}$-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, $100\;{\mu}M$) or a NO scavenger N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (LNAC, 1 mM) completely blocked the effects of Ginsenoside $R_e$. Data suggested that Ginsenoside $R_e$ is beneficial to sperm motility, and that induction of NOS to increase NO production may be involved in this benefit.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.239-251
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• 1982

The rate of deterioration of contractile force of isolated hearts from control and panax ginseng treated rats was determined and response of contractile force of the hearts from ginseng treated rats to several autonomic and other drugs was investigated. Rats weighing 150-250g were administrered orally with ginseng ethanol extract (100mg/kg) and total ginseng saponin (50mg/kg/day) for a week. Ginsenoside Rb$_{1}$ (5mg/kg/day) and ginsenoside Re (5mg/kg/day) were administered respectively for a week. The isolated hearts from rats were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution by using Langendorff perfusion apparatus. The control group was only able to maintain approximately 75.5% of their initial strength after 60 min of perfusion, whereas ginseng ethanol extract, total ginseng saponin treated hearts were able to sustain nearly their initial strength even after 60 min. Ginsenoside Rol treated hearts also sustained 93% of their initial strength, but there was no significant difference in the deterioration percentage of the contractile force of ginsenoside Re treated hearts. Experiments were conducted to study the response to perfusion of ginseng treated animal heart with epinephrine, isoproterenol, propranolol, and phenobarbital. The isolated hearts were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution containing epinephrine (10$^{-6}$ M), isoproterenol ($10^{-7}$M), propranolol ($10^{-6}$M) and phenobarbital (7{\times}10^{-3}M$) respectively. The maximum inotropic effect of epinephrine and isoproterenol was observed after 2~3 minutes of drug perfusion. Effect of epinephrine on ginseng ethanol extract and total ginseng saponin treated hearts was reduced compared with control. On the other hand, this phenomenon was not observed in ginsenoside Re treated rats but on ginsenoside $Rb_{1}$ treated rats. The positive inotropic effect of isoproterenol was reduced in the hearts from ginseng treated rats compared with control heart, Propranolol or phenobaribital decreased the contractile force in the control rats. The depressant effect of propranolol and phenobarbitat on ginseng treated rat hearts was less than those of control rat hearts. The result suggest that ginseng ethanol extract , ind total ginseng saponin and ginsenoside $Rb_{1}$ may protect the deterioration of contractile force of the heart and may attenuate the response to several drugs on hearts.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.1802-1805
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• 2013

Ginsenosides are the most important ingredient of ginseng and are known to possess many pharmacological and biological effects. Rb1, a major protopanaxadiol ginsenoside, is the most abundant ginsenoside in Panax ginseng C.A Meyer and can be hydrolyzed into more pharmaceutically potent minor ginsenosides. To identify a microorganism that is capable of converting Rb1 into other ginsenosides, we screened 12 Microbacterium spp., and M. trichothecenolyticum was identified as a likely candidate. M. trichothecenolyticum converted Rb1 into Rd and then into Rh2 based on TLC and HPLC analyses of reaction products. This biotransformation method can be easily applied for mass production of Rd and Rh2 by using Rb1.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 2010

Thirty-four strains of Lactobacillus species were isolated from soil and eight of these isolates (M1-4 and P1-4) were capable of growing on red ginseng agar. The M1 and P2 strains were determined to be L. plantarum and other strains (M2, M3, M4, P1, P3 and P4) were determined to be L. brevis. Fermentation of red ginseng extract (RGE) with strains M1, M2, P2 and P4 resulted in a low level of total carbohydrate content (174.3, 170.0, 158.8 and 164.8 mg/mL, respectively). RGE fermented by M3 showed a higher level of uronic acid than the control. The polyphenol levels in RGE fermented by M1, P1 and P2 (964.9, 941.7 and $965.3\;{\mu}g/mL$, respectively) were higher than the control ($936.8\;{\mu}g/mL$). Total saponin contents in fermented RGE (except M1) were higher than the control. RGE fermented by M2 and M3 had the highest levels of total ginsenosides (31.7 and 32.7 mg/mL, respectively). The levels of the ginsenoside Rg3 increased from 2.6 mg/mL (control) to 3.0 mg/mL (M2) or 3.1 mg/mL (M3). RGE fermented by M2 and M3 also had the highest levels of Rg5+Rk1 (7.7 and 8.3 mg/mL, respectively). Metabolite contents of ginsenoside (sum of CK, Rh1, Rg5, Rk1, Rg3 and Rg2) of M2 (13.0 mg/mL) and M3 (13.9 mg/mL) were also at a high level among the fermented RGE. Protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol content of ginsenoside of M2 (10.9 and 5.4 mg/mL, respectively) and M3 (11.0 and 5.7 mg/mL, respectively) were at higher levels than other fermented RGE.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.82-87
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• 2017

Malonyl ginsenoside content of the Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer is known to account for 35% to 60% of total ginsenosides content. However, its distribution by ginseng part has not been studied. In this study, four kinds of malonyl ginsenosides were compared in Korean white ginseng part using the purified malonyl ginsenoside standards in our laboratory. White ginseng was prepared by the freeze drying ($-70^{\circ}C$, 48 h) or air drying ($50^{\circ}C$, 48 h) methods form 4-year-old ginseng. Malonyl ginsenoside content of main, lateral, and fine root, and of the main root without skin and its skin was compared. Malonyl ginsenosides (m-Rb1, m-Rb2, m-Rc and m-Rd) content (58%, 19.17 mg/g) in total ginsenosides of air dried white ginseng was decreased about 4% compared to its content of freeze dried white ginseng (62%, 20.40 mg/g). Malonyl ginsenoside content was the highest in fine root, compared to the main or lateral root. Malonyl ginsenosides content in skin of main root was 20.08 mg/g, while its content of the main root without skin was 2.58 mg/g. These results are expected to help establishment of quality specification and processing process in Korean white ginseng.