• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.111-121
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• 2015

The root of Panax ginseng, is a Korea traditional medicine, which is used in both raw and processed forms due to their different pharmacological activities. As part of a continued chemical investigation of ginseng, the focus of this research is on the isolation and identification of compounds from Panax ginseng root by open column chromatography, medium pressure liquid chromatography, semi-preparative-high performance liquid chromatography, Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometric, and nuclear magnetic resonance. Dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins were isolated from Panax ginseng root by open column chromatography, medium pressure liquid chromatography, and semi-preparative-high performance liquid chromatography. Their structures were identified as protopanaxadiol ginsenosides [gypenoside-V (1), ginsenosides-Rb1 (2), -Rb2 (3), -Rb3 (4), -Rc (5), and -Rd (6)], protopanaxatriol ginsenosides [20(S)-notoginsenoside-R2 (7), notoginsenoside-Rt (8), 20(S)-O-glucoginsenoside-Rf (9), 6-O-[$\alpha$-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1$\rightarrow$2-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl]-20-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl-$3\beta$,$12\beta$, 20(S)-dihydroxy-dammar-25-en-24-one (10), majoroside-F6 (11), pseudoginsenoside-Rt3 (12), ginsenosides-Re (13), -Re5 (14), -Rf (15), -Rg1 (16), -Rg2 (17), and -Rh1 (18), and vinaginsenoside-R15 (19)], and oleanene ginsenosides [calenduloside-B (20) and ginsenoside-Ro (21)] through the interpretation of spectroscopic analysis. The configuration of the sugar linkages in each saponin was established on the basic of chemical and spectroscopic data. Among them, compounds 1, 8, 10, 11, 12, 19, and 20 were isolated for the first time from P. ginseng root.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.95-101
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• 1994

Saponin of Panax ginseng (C.A. Meyer) is composed of Protopanaxatriol (PT) and Protopanaxa- diol (PD). We investigated the effects of PT and PD on the contractility and $^{45}Ca$ uptake in the pig coronary artery. Isometric tension in the helical strips and $^{45}Ca$ uptake in the ring strips were measured in the presence or absence of PT and PD. PT and PD did not affect the high K+ (40 mM)-induced contraction but relaxed the ACh-induced contraction in a dose4ependent manner (1~10 mg/dl). The vasorelaxing effect of PT on the ACh-induced contraction was more potent than that of PD. Those relaxations were partially suppressed by the rubbing of endothelium removal. ACh-induced contraction in the $Ca^{2+}$-free Tyrode's solution was suppressed by the pretreatment of PT or PD. Following the depletion of ACh-sensitive intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ pool, ACh-induced contraction was suppressed by the pratreatment of PT or PD. With the pretreatment of PT or PD, $^{45}Ca$ uptake by high K+ (43 mM) was not changed but that by ACh was suppressed in the pig coronary artery. From the above results, we suggested that the vasorelaxing effect of PT and PD of Panax ginseng was due to inhibition of intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ release, inhibition of $Ca^{2+}$ uptake via receptor-operated $Ca^{2+}$ channels and in part a release of vasorelaxing factor from endothelium in pig coronary artery.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.10-17
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• 1979

The saponins isolated form the herb of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer were investigated as compared with ginseng root saponins. By adopting DEAE cellulose ion exchange chromatography the pure saponins were isolated from Korean ginseng roots and leaves. The ginseng root and leaf saponins showed some differences in the pattern of the two-dimensional thin layer chromatogram. The ratio of panaxadiol to panaxatriol in the saponins was 1.7 in the roots and 3.5 in the leaves. Infra-red spectrum of ginseng leaf saponins isolated by liquid chromatography was identical with that of root saponins.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 고려인삼학회 1987년도 Proceedings of Korea-Japan Panax Ginseng Symposium 1987 Seoul Korea
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• pp.29-37
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• 1987

This study was devised to observe the cytotoxlc activities of petroleum-ether extract of Panax ginseng root(crude Gx) and its partially purified fraction from silicon acid column chromatography(7:3 CX) against sarcoma-180(5-180) and Walker carcinosarcoma 256(Walker 256) in vivo, and murine leukemic lymphocytes(L1210) and human rectal cancer cell(HRT-18) and human colon cancer cells(HT-29 and HCT-48) in vitro . Each cell-line was cultured in medium containing serial concentrations of the crude Gx or 7:3 Gx in vitro. A highly lipid soluble compound in the extract of Panax ginseng root was cytocidal to murine leukemic cells and human colon and rectal cancer cells in vitro In the meantime, ginseng saponin derivatives did not cytotoxic effects at its corresponding concentration. The growth rates of the cancer cells in medium containing ginseng extracts were inhibited gradually to a significant degree roughly in proportion to the increase of the extract concentration. The cytotoxic activity of 7:3 Gx was about 3 times more potent than that of crude Gx, one unit of cytotoxic activity against L121f cells being equivalent to 2.54$\mu\textrm{g}$ and 0.88 $\mu\textrm{g}$ for the crude Gx and 7:3 Gx, respectively. The Rf value of the active compound on silica -gel thin layer chromatography with petroleum-ether/ethyl ether/acetic acid mixture (90:10:1, v/v/v) as a developing solvent was 0.23. The survival times of mice inoculated with S-180 cells were extended about 1.5 to 2 times by the 7:3 Gx treatment compared with their control group. The significantly decreased hemoglobin values of rats after inoculation with Walker 256 were recovered to normal range by oral administration of the crude Gx. The synthetic levels of protein, DNA and RNA in human colon and rectal cancer cells were significantly diminished by treatment with the crude Gx, which can explain a part of the origin of its anticancer activity.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.279-282
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• 2008

This study was conducted to compare the aerial parts growth, yield of fresh ginseng roots, quality of red ginseng roots, and photosynthesis (Fv/Fm, PSII) in leaves between non-irrigation plot and furrow irrigation plot during the ginseng growing seasons. The aerial part growth in furrow irrigation plot was higher than non-irrigation plot in all including the emergency rate, leafing rate and relatively growth rate. Root yield per 10a in irrigation plot was increased about 50% as compared with that of non-irrigation, also heaven and earth grade of red ginseng roots yield in irrigation plot was higher (40.3%) compared with that (30.6%) of non-irrigation plot in 6-years-old ginseng plant. Furrow irrigation markedly improved the ginseng quality and yield in comparison to non irrigation condition. Therefore it needs to control the soil moisture during the growing season for high yield and good qualities of ginseng roots.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.430-441
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• 2012

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of natural bioactive products such as Manda enzyme (T1), Yangmyeongwon (T2), effective microorganisms (T3), and Kelpak (T4) on the growth and ginsenoside contents of Panax ginseng cultured in an aeroponic system using a two-layer vertical type of nutrient bath under natural light conditions. The growth of ginseng plants showed specific characteristics according to the positions in which they were cultured due to the difference of light transmittance and temperature in the upper and lower layers during aeroponic culture in a two-layer vertical type of system. The growth of the aerial part of the leaves and stems of ginseng plants cultured in the lower layer (4,000 to 6,000 lx, $23^{\circ}C$ to $26^{\circ}C$) of the nutrient bath was observed to be superior to that of the ginseng plants cultured in the upper layer (12,000 to 15,000 lx, $25^{\circ}C$ to $28^{\circ}C$). The leaf area was significantly larger in the treatment of T2 and T4 (46.70 $cm^2$) than with other treatments. Conversely, the values of the root weight and root diameter were higher in ginseng plants cultured in the upper layer of the nutrient bath. The root weight was significantly heavier in the treatment of T4 (6.46 g) and T3 (6.26 g) than with other treatments. The total ginsenoside content in the leaves and roots was highest in the ginseng plants cultured by the treatment of T1, at 16.20%, while the total ginsenoside content obtained by other treatments decreased in the order of T4, T5 (control), T2, and T3, at 13.21%, 12.30%, 14.84%, and 14.86%, respectively. The total ginsenoside content of the ginseng leaves was found to be significantly higher in the treatment of T1 in the lower layer of the nutrient bath, at 15.30%, while the content of the ginseng roots in the treatments of T3 and T4, at 1.27% and 1.23%, respectively, was significantly higher than in other treatments in the upper layer of the nutrient bath.

• Journal of Ginseng Culture
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• 제1권
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• pp.28-42
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• 2019

What is unknown about Leibniz (Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1646~1716), a great philosopher and mathematician, is that he inquired about ginseng. Why Leibniz, one of the leading figures of the Enlightenment, became interested in ginseng? This paper excavates Leibniz's references on ginseng in his vast amount of correspondences and traces the path of his personal life and cultural context where the question about ginseng arose. From the sixteenth century, Europe saw a notable growth of medical botany, due to the rediscovery of such Greek-texts as Materia Medica and the introduction of a variety of new plants from the New World. In the same context, ginseng, the renowned panacea of the Old World began to appear in a number of European travelogues. As an important part of mercantilistic projects, major scientific academies in Europe embarked on the researches of valuable foreign plants including ginseng. Leibniz visited such scientific academies as the Royal Society in London and $Acad{\acute{e}}mie$ royale des sciences in Paris, and envisioned to establish such scientific society in Germany. When Leibniz visited Rome, he began to form a close relationship with Jesuit missionaries. That opportunity amplified his intellectual curiosity about China and China's famous medicine, ginseng. He inquired about the properties of ginseng to Grimaldi and Bouvet who were the main figures in Jesuit China mission. This article demonstrates ginseng, the unnoticed subject in the Enlightenment, could be an important clue that interweaves the academic landscape, the interactions among the intellectuals, and the mercantilistic expansion of Europe in the late 17th century.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.223-228
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• 1998

As part of a study on the ability of fungicides to control disappearing root rot of ginseng (Panax quinquvdius) caused by Cylindruarpn destmtans, 15 fungicides were screened for toxicity to the fungus in vitro. Highly toxic fungicides were Benlate (benomyl), Thiram (thiram), and Orbit (propiconazole). EC5O values (mg a.i./L) were less than 1 and EC95 values were less than 10. Crown (carbathiin and thiabendazole), ASC-66835 (fluazinam), and UBI-2584 (tebuconazole) were moderately toxic, with EC5O values in the range 1-10 and EC95 values in the range 32-45. Weakly toxic fungicides (EC5O in the range 20-80, EC95 in the range 35-140) included UBI-2643 (thiabendazole), UBI-2565 (cyproconazole), and Vitaflo-280 (carbathiin and thiram). Anvil (hexaconazole), Vitaflo-250 (carbathiin), UBI-2383 (triadimenol), Daconil (chlorothalonil), CGA-173506 (fludioxonil), and CGA-169374 (difeno- conazole) were considered nontoxic to C. destmtan (EC5O 1.29->600, EC95>500). Relations between proportional inhibition of growth and concentration of fungicide were linear on arithmetic plots (Benlate, UBI-2643, UBI-2565, Vitaflo-280) or logarithmic plots (all other fungicides). Based on toxicity in vitro and formulation, it is recommended that Benlate, Orbit, and ASC-66835 be tested as soil drenches, and Benlate, Thiram, UBI-2584, and Crown be tested as seed treatments for controlling disappearing root rot.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.163-169
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• 1982

The possible effects in vivo on the duel usage of sinseng saponin and antibiotics were studied in vitro with microorganisms. Streptomycin.sulfate, kanamycin.sulfate and gentamycin.sulfate as being an aminoglycoside-antibiotic substance showed a general synergism by the interaction of ginseng saponin and these antibiotics. But kanamycin.sulfate and gentamycin.sulfate did not show a synergism in their original antimicrobial activity against Er-winia aroideoe. Chloramphenicol as being a benzene derivative displayed an increased antimicrobial activity by the interactions of ginseng saponin and this antibiotic against Salmonella typhi, Aerobacter aerogenes and the genus Serrotia. This antibiotic also showed the decreased antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium and Escherichia coli, but did not show an uniform antimicrobial activity against others.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 1999

Effects of Panax ginseng on the morphine toxicity were studied in relation to its effects on the opioid receptor-G protein interactions. Morphine treatments (3 days) reduced the body weight increment rate and the weight of the thymus and spleen. These changes were usually recovered by the concomitant administration of ginseng total saponin (GTS) but occasionally further deteriorated. This discrepancy was studied in relation to the opioid receptor coupling to G protein, that is, the effects of morphine and GTS on the opioid receptors were studied using the antagonist-agonist competitive binding studies. When GTS recovered the morphine toxicity, morphine shifted the striatal $\delta$ receptors to slightly higher affinity state, and this was partly recovered by the GTS treatment. However, morphine did not have any effect on the affinity state of $\delta$ receptor from NG108-15 cells, suggesting that additional factors were needed for the modulation of the affinity states of $\delta$ receptor. Effects of morphine and GTS on $\mu$ receptor were complicate and variable, and we could not reach a clear conclusion. The morphine toxicity might accompany complicate biological involvements, and the modulation of the affinity states of the opioid receptors might explain a part of the effects of GTS on the morphine toxicity.