• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.68-75
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• 2016

Background: The study of phenolic compounds profiles and antioxidative activity in ginseng fruit, leaves, and roots with respect to cultivation years, and has been little reported to date. Hence, this study examined the phenolic compounds profiles and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical-scavenging activities in the fruit, leaves, and roots of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) as a function of cultivation year. Methods: Profiling of 23 phenolic compounds in ginseng fruit, leaves, and roots was investigated using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with the external calibration method. Antioxidative activity of ginseng fruit, leaves, and roots were evaluated using the method of DPPH free-radical-scavenging activity. Results: The total phenol content in ginseng fruit and leaves was higher than in ginseng roots (p < 0.05), and the phenol content in the ginseng samples was significantly correlated to the DPPH free-radical-scavenging activity ($r=0.928^{****}$). In particular, p-coumaric acid ($r=0.847^{****}$) and ferulic acid ($r=0.742^{****}$) greatly affected the DPPH activity. Among the 23 phenolic compounds studied, phenolic acids were more abundant in ginseng fruit, leaves, and roots than the flavonoids and other compounds (p < 0.05). In particular, chlorogenic acid, gentisic acid, p- and m-coumaric acid, and rutin were the major phenolic compounds in 3e6-yr-old ginseng fruit, leaves, and roots. Conclusion: This study provides basic information about the antioxidative activity and phenolic compounds profiles in fruit, leaves, and roots of Korean ginseng with cultivation years. This information is potentially useful to ginseng growers and industries involved in the production of high-quality and nutritional ginseng products.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.425-429
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• 2012

In this study, hydroponically-cultivated ginseng leaves, fruits, and roots were respectively extracted with ethanol. The contents of 12 ginsenosides and three phenolics in the extracts were quantitatively analyzed and the free radical scavenging activities were measured and compared. Hydroponically-cultivated ginseng leaves contained higher levels of gensenosides (Rg1, Rg2+Rh1, Rd, and Rg3) and p-coumaric acid than the other parts of the ginseng plants. The 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid radical scavenging activities of leaves were also the highest. Accordingly, hydroponically-grown ginseng leaves were shown to hold promise for use as an environmentally-friendly natural anti-oxidant.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.321-327
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• 2011

Water, methanol and ethanol extracts of ginseng leaves were assayed for total phenolics and flavonoids, ascorbic acid, cupric and ferrous ion chelating activities, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and ABTS radical cation decolourization (TEAC) assay for their antioxidant properties. The ethanol extract of ginseng leaves contained significantly (p<0.05) higher amounts of total phenolics and flavonoids (600.57 and 1701 mg/100 g) than methanol (374.43 and 1512.64 mg/100 g) and water extracts (248.30 and 680.05 mg/100 g). Among solvent extracts of ginseng leaves, the ethanol extract showed the most powerful antioxidant activities. However, the ferrous ion chelating activity of ginseng leaf extracts were lower than the cupric ion chelating ability. These differences in concentrations of key antioxidants among various solvent extracts seemed to be responsible for their differences in antioxidant activities. These results suggest that ethanol extract of ginseng leaves has the most effective antioxidant capacity compared to the methanol and water extracts tested in the present study. Thus, it can be applied for the effective extraction of functional material from ginseng leaves for the usage of pharmaceutical and/or food industries.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.68-75
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• 2010

This study sought to optimize the extraction and enzymatic treatment conditions of Panax ginseng leaves, stems, and roots for the production of fermented ginseng. The optimization enhanced the extraction of total saccharide, a nutrient and growth-activating factor for Lactobacillus bacteria. The hydrolysis of ginseng leaves, stems, and roots was tested with eight enzymes (Pentopan, Promozyme, Celluclast, Ultraflo, Pectinex, Ceremix, Viscozyme, and Tunicase). The enzymatic hydrolysis conditions were statistically optimized by the experimental design. Optimal particle size of ginseng raw material was <0.15 mm, and optimal hydrolysis occurred at a pH of 5.0-5.5, a reaction temperature of 55-$60^{\circ}C$, a Ceremix concentration of 1%, and a reaction time of 2 hr. Ceremix produced the highest dry matter yield and total saccharide extraction. Ginseng leaves were found to be the most suitable raw material for the production of fermented ginseng because they have higher carbohydrate and crude saponin contents than ginseng roots.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.120-123
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• 1991

Flavor components of panax ginseng cultured with pine tree leaves mulch instead of traditional rice straw were examined. The growth of two year old ginsengs grown with two different kinds of mulchs no difference, however, the flavor components of ginseng with pine tree leaves mulch 84 constituents detected showed significantly enhanced contents than those of ginseng with rice straw mulch.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.11-29
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• 1988

온도 및 광도가 인삼의 광합성 및 호흡에 미친 영향을 검토하였던 바 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 온도 및 광도와 인삼잎의 광합성간에는 고도로 유의한 2차곡선회귀가 인정되었으며 광합성에 대한 온도와 광도의 효과간에는 고도로 유의한 교호작용이 인정되었다. 2. 광도의 상승에 따르는 광합성 증가율은 온도가 높아질수록 현저한 감소를 보였고 광보상점은 온도에 따라 현저한 차이를 보였으며 각 온도의 평균 광보상점은 약 600lux였다. 그리고 고려인삼의 경우 최대광합성온도는 $15^{\circ}C$ 및 $20^{\circ}C$에서는 11,000lux였고 $25^{\circ}C$ 이상에서는 9,500lux내외였다. 3. 온도의 상승에 따르는 광합성의 감소율은 광도를 높일수록 현저히 크게 나타났으며 광합성 최적온도는 15~$22^{\circ}C$로서 광도를 높일수록 최적온도는 현저히 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. 4. 투광율 15% 일복하에서 생육한 잎의 광합성량이 가장 높았고 5% 투광율에 비해 30% 투광율에서 생육된 잎의 호흡량이 현저히 많았으며 또한 온도가 높을수록 호흡량은 현저히 증가되었다. 5. 호흡율은 고온에서 높았고 광도가 높을수록 낮아졌으며 일복하의 투광율이 높아질수록 현저히 증가되었다. 6. 일중 최대 $CO_2$ 흡수는 5% 및 15% 투광일복하에서 오전 9시 그리고 20% 투광일복하에서는 오전 7~9시경에 일어났으며 투광율이 높은 일복하에서 $CO_2$ 흡입 기간은 현저히 길었다. 7. 인삼잎의 광합성에 있어서 $CO_2$ 보상점은 130ppm이었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.163-175
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• 2021

Background: Ginsenosides, which have strong biological activities, can be divided into polar or less-polar ginsenosides. Methods: This study evaluated the phytochemical diversity of the saponins in Panax ginseng (PG) root, American ginseng (AG) root, and Panax notoginseng (NG) root; the stem-leaves from Panax ginseng (SPG) root, American ginseng (SAG) root, and Panax notoginseng (SNG) root as well as the saponins obtained following heating and acidification [transformed Panax ginseng (TPG), transformed American ginseng (TAG), transformed Panax notoginseng (TNG), transformed stem-leaves from Panax ginseng (TSPG), transformed stem-leaves from American ginseng (TSAG), and transformed stem-leaves from Panax notoginseng (TSNG)]. The diversity was determined through the simultaneous quantification of the 16 major ginsenosides. Results: The content of ginsenosides in NG was found to be higher than those in AG and PG, and the content in SPG was greater than those in SNG and SAG. After transformation, the contents of polar ginsenosides in the raw saponins decreased, and contents of less-polar compounds increased. TNG had the highest levels of ginsenosides, which is consistent with the transformation of ginseng root. The contents of saponins in the stem-leaves were higher than those in the roots. The transformation rate of SNG was higher than those of the other samples, and the loss ratios of total ginsenosides from NG (6%) and SNG (4%) were the lowest among the tested materials. In addition to the conversion temperature, time, and pH, the crude protein content also affects the conversion to rare saponins. The proteins in Panax notoginseng allowed the highest conversion rate. Conclusion: Thus, the industrial preparation of less-polar ginsenosides from SNG is more efficient and cheaper.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.6-9
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• 1990

Specific activities of ADC and ODC from 2-4 year old ones were higher than that from seedlings whereas those activities were not changed significantly from 2 to 4 years. Generally, activity of ADC was predorminant compared to that of ODC. Free arginine content in roots was much higher than that of leaves. And arginase specific activity from roots was higher than that of leaves. Cumulative results suggest that putrscine formation from ornithine in roots may be more effective than leaves and contribute to putrescine biosynthesis to some extract.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 1992

Chemical composition was determined to evaluate the quality of Panel ginseng-leaf tea over green teas. Ginseng-leaf tea was shown to contain higher contents of soluble matter, ascorbic acid and lower contents of tannins, as compared to tea leaves. The profiles of ginsenoside and sugar of ginseng-leaf tea were noticeably different from those of ginseng roots and the sample maintained high levels of these components under the manufacturing process. Total unsaturated fatty acids and free amino acids were estimated to be decreased in ginseng-leaf tea as compared to those of ginseng leaves. The compositions of amino acids and minerals in ginseng-leaf tea were similar to those of tea leaves and glutamic acid, aspartic acid, leucine, calcium, potassium, sodium, and copper were found to be major components.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.129-137
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• 1981

인삼엽 및 인삼피를 식물조직부양효소 (macerating enzyme)로 분리시킴으로써 인삼의 유효성분인 saponin을 효율적으로 추출하고자 인삼부패균중 조직부양력이 강력한 1종의 G-211 균주를 선정하여 조제한 조효소로써 실험하였다. 조직부양작용의 최적 pH 는 인삼엽, 인삼피 공히 pH 5.0이었으며 가용성물질추출율 및 saponin추출율은 인삼엽이 pH4.5, 인삼피가 pH5.5에서 가장 효과가 컸다. 조직부양효소와 조 cellulase을 qudydd처리하므로써 인삼엽, 인삼피 각각 3.45%, 3.90%의 saponin을 추출할 수 있었는데 이 추출율은 전체 saponin 함량의 39.8%, 39.3%에 해당되는 수율이었다. 또한 추출된 saponin을 HPLC를 이용해서 각 ginsenoside별 pattern도 조사하였다.