• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.219-225
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• 2002

Study was performed to know the effects of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer hairy root due to $^{60}$ Co ${\gamma}$-ray irradiation. We irradiated the hairy roots under the various $^{60}$ Co ${\gamma}$-ray; 0.5~4 Krad. The growth of hairy roots is inhibited over 3 Krad treatment. The lateral roots are used as a cell line after removing the apical meristem of hairy roots irradiated below 2 Krad. We selected 206 hairy root cell lines having various different growth rates and forms, and incubated in the 1/2 Murashige & Skoog(MS) medium in the absence of hormone. We selected 10 out of 206 showing superior growth. Among those, ${\gamma}$-GHR 70 and ${\gamma}$-GHR 94 showed higher growth; 34.5, 44.7%, respectively. We observed shapable, sizable characteristics according to the width of the primary roots, the process formation of the lateral roots, and the growth of lateral roots. The discriminable cell line showed that primary root is thinner, and has a vigorous growth. 8 out of 10 had much more contents than control in the aspect of the ginsenoside. ${\gamma}$-GHR 59 and ${\gamma}$-GHR 94 showed higher contents; 19, 16.9%, respectively. Therefore, we selected ${\gamma}$-GHR 70, ${\gamma}$-GHR 94 as a superior cell line in the aspect of ginsenoside contents, and growth among those irradiated by ${\gamma}$-ray. According to content of ginsenoside, Rb$_2$ effective in anticancer has 7.5% of ${\gamma}$-GHR 59. Rc, also effective in anticancer showed 16.2% content increasement of ${\gamma}$-GHR 69. It is thought that those lines will be effective in manufacturing ginsenoside. Gene analysis (VNTRP) related to the mutation is in progress.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2003

The adventitious root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer is regarded as an efficient alternative to cell culture or hairy root culture for biomass production due to its fast growth and stable metabolite production. To determine optimal culture conditions for the bioreactor culture of ginseng roots, experiments have been conducted on physical and chemical factors such as bioreactor type, dissolved oxygen, gas supply, aeration, medium type, macro- and micro-elements, medium supplement during culture period, sucrose concentration, osmotic agents, medium pH and light. Elicitation is a key step to increase ginsenoside accumulation in the adventitious roots but biomass growth is severely inhibited by elicitor treatment. To obtain high ginsenoside content with avoiding biomass decrease, we applied two-stage bioreactor culture system. Ginseng adventitious roots were cultured for 40 days to maximize biomass increase followed by elicitation for 7 days to enhance ginsenoside accumulation. We also experimented on types and concentrations of jasmonate to determine optimal elicitation methods. In this paper, we discussed several factors affecting the root propagation and ginsenoside accumulation. Based on the results obtained from previous experiments we have established large-scale bioreactor system (1 ton-10 ton) for the efficient production of ginseng adventitious roots and bioactive compounds including ginsenoside. Still, experiments are on going in our laboratory to determine other bioactive compounds having effects on diet, high blood pressure, DPPH elimination and increasing memories.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.332-338
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• 2018

In August of 2011, a wilting disease of ginseng was observed at Bongwha, Gyeongbuk province, Korea. Affected plants initially show withering symptoms on leaves of ginseng. As the disease progresses, withering leaves spread downward, eventually encompassing the whole plant. Leaves lose vigor but remain pale green. Symptoms of roots were brown, and soft rots characterized by moist and watery decay of the whole ginseng root, which initiated as small brown, water-soaked lesions of hairy roots and enlarged to the entire roots. The causal organism isolated from the infected roots was identified as Serratia plymuthica based on its physiological and biochemical characteristics, by cellular fatty acid composition (GC-FAME), the utilization of carbon sources (BioLog System), and 16S rRNA sequence of the isolated bacterium were 99% homologous to those of Serratia plymuthica strains. Artificial inoculation of the bacterium produced the same brown or soft rot symptoms on the ginseng roots, from which the same bacterium was isolated. This is the first report of bacterial root rot caused by the Serratia plymuthica in ginseng in Korea. Serratia plymuthica has been used as antagonistic microorganism for biological control on several crop plants. But it was proved pathogen of ginseng at humid condition in this study.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.10a
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• pp.218-218
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• 2017

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.123-128
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• 2001

In order to develop the biotechnological methods for the mass production of anticancer compounds from tissue culture of Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer, these studies were carried out for the selection of ginseng cell lines containing higher concentration of polyacetylene compounds and optimal condition for their biosynthesis. Panaxynol, one of ginseng polyacetylene, was not detected in any callus induced from ginseng superior cell lines cultured on MS medium supplemented with $\beta$-chlorophenoxy acetic acid (CPA). Panaxydol, another one of polyacetylene and anticancer compounds, were detected in calli of 5 cell lines by thin layer chromatogram and gas chromatogram. Among the 18 ginseng superior lines, the cell line 30201 has higher content of panaxydol. Especially, panaxydol was not detected in the callus induced from cell line 10301 which cultured on the medium containing CPA only, however, it was detected on the same callus cultured on mixed medium containing CAP 2 mg/L and BA 0.05 mg/L. SH medium was better than MS medium for ginseng callus growth and biosynthesis of polyacetylene, and also found that it was not effected by NAA and sucrose concentration in the culture medium.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.300-304
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• 2008

Cysteine proteinases play an essential role in plant growth and development but also in senescence and programmed cell death. They participate in both anabolic and catabolic processes. In addition, they are involved in signalling pathways and in the response to biotic and abiotic stresses. A cDNA clone encoding cysteine proteinase (CP) gene, designated PgCysP1, was isolated from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR results showed that PgCysP1 expressed at different level in P. ginseng hairy root. Different stresses such as biotic as well as abiotic stresses triggered a significant induction of PgCysP1. The positive responses of PgCysP1 to the various stimuli suggested that PgCysP1 may help to protect the plant against reactive environmental stresses.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.161-170
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• 2002

For the hairy root of Panax ginseng, we have got mass spectrums from MALDI/TOF/MS analysis and Tandem mass spectrums from ESI/Q-TOF/MS analysis. While mass spectrum provides the molecular weights of peptide fragments digested by protease such as trypsin, tandem mass spectrum produces amino acid sequence of digested peptides. Each amino acid sequences can be a query sequence in BLAST search to identify proteins. For the specimens of animals or plants of which genome sequences were known, we can easily identify expressed proteins from mass spectrums with high accuracy. However, for the other specimens such as ginseng, it is difficult to identify proteins with accuracy since all the protein sequences are not available yet. Here we compared the mass spectrums and the peptide amino acid sequences with ginseng expressed sequence tag (EST) DB. The matched EST sequence was used as a query in BLAST search for protein identification. They could offer the correct protein information by the sequence alignment with EST sequences. 90% of peptide sequences of ESI/Q-TOF/MS are matched with EST sequences. Comparing 68% matches of the same sequences with the nr database of NCBI, we got more matches by 22% from ginseng EST sequence search. In case of peptide mass fingerprinting from MALDI/TOF/MS, only about 19% (9 proteins of 47 spots) among peptide matches from nr DB were correlated with ginseng EST DB. From these results, we suggest that amino acid sequencing using tandem mass spectrum analysis may be necessary for protein identification in ginseng proteome analysis.

• Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Korea Conference
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• 1995.06a
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• pp.40-56
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• 1995

During the past two decades, China has seen her great progress in plant biotechnology. Since the Chinese market of herb medicine is huge, while the plant resources are shrinking, particular emphasis has been placed in plant tissue and cell cultures of medicinal plants, this includes fast propagation, protoplast isolation and regeneration, cell suspension cultures and large scale fermentation. To optimize culture conditions for producing secondary compounds in vitro, various media, additives and elicitors have been tested. Successful examples of large scale culture for the secondary metabolite biosynthesis are quite limited : Lithospermum ery throrhizon and Arnebia euchroma for shikonin derivatives, Panax ginseng, P. notoginseng, P. quinquefolium for saponins, and a few other medicinal plants. Recent development of genetic transformation systems of plant cells offered a new approach to in vitro production of secondary compounds. Hairy root induction and cultures, by using Ri-plasmid, have been reported from a number of medicinal plant species, such as Artemisia annua that produces little artemisinin in normal cultured cells, and from Glycyrrhiza uralensis. In the coming five years, Chinese scientists will continue their work on large scale cell cultures of a few of selected plant species, including Taxus spp. and A. annua, for the production of secondary metabolites with medicinal interests, one or two groups of scientists will be engaged in molecular cloning of the key enzymes in plant secondary metabolism.