• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.47-68
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• 1988

This study was conducted to define the optimal conditions for embryo growth during seed stratification and for breaking dormancy as well as seed germination of stratified ginseng seeds. The experiments were also carried out to detect some materials which were expected to induce seed dormancy in the ginseng seeds. The results summarized as follows; 1. The growth of embryo during seed stratification was significantly inhibited by the existence of endocarp. The fastest embryo growth was resulted at $15^{\circ}C$ and an estimated optimal temperature for embryo growth was about $18^{\circ}C$. 2. There was no significant difference between the embryo growth and germination ratio of ginseng seeds which were sown in seed bed at Aug-5 without seed stratification and that of artificial seed stratification. 3. Embryo growth and germination ratio was significantly inhibited by high temperature treatment at $30^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours or respiration stress by immersing seeds in water for 10 days or more. 4. When the seed stratification was started at $10^{\circ}C$, growth of embryo in the ginseng seeds were almost stopped. But, when the seeds were stratified first at $20^{\circ}C$ for 50 days and next at $10^{\circ}C$ for 50 days, the embryo growth was significantly promoted compared with the embryo growth in the seeds which were stratified at $20^{\circ}C$ for 100 days. 5. The successive embryo growth after seed stratification was significantly accelerated at $10^{\circ}C$ but the seeds chilled at $5^{\circ}C$ for 100 days were resulted in the highest germination ratio as well as the shortest days for germination. 6. The successive embryo growth during chilling treatment and seed germination were significantly inhibited by immersing seeds in water just before chilling treatment or during chilling treatment and by interruption of chilling treatment with raising temperature to $20^{\circ}C$ for 20 days during chilling treatment. 7. The germination ratio of ginseng seeds which finished chilling treatment was highest at $10^{\circ}C$ and 62.5% was the estimated soil moisture for the best germination of ginseng seeds. The ginseng seeds were found to require high amount of oxygen for germination. 8. Only water soluble material in homogenized ginseng seeds showed a significant inhibiting effect on the seed germination of sesame, millet and soybean. Water soluble material dissolved from undehisced ginseng seeds showed stronger inhibiting effect on the seedling growth of sesame than material from dehisced ginseng seeds. Extraction temperature did not influence the inhibiting effect of the material dissolved from ginseng seeds on the seedling growth of sesame. 9. Water soluble materials dissolved from the berry pulps, leaves, fresh roots and dried roots also showed a significant inhibiting effect on the seedling growth of sesame. 10. Water soluble materials dissolved from the ginseng seeds, leaves and fresh roots showed a significant inhibiting effect on the germination of true fungi and the growth of spawn but the growth of phytopathogenic bacteria was not. 11. Among the water soluble materials dissolved from ginseng seeds, the materials of low molecular weight less than 3,000 were resulted a significant inhibiting effect on the seedling growth of sesame and the materials of high molecular weight also showed an inhibiting effect.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.345-353
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• 2018

Background: Some phenolics detected in the soil may inhibit the seed germination and seedling growth of ginseng (Panax ginseng). This study investigated the effect of irrigation and ginseng root residue addition on the soil microbial community and root rot disease in 2-year-old ginseng. Methods and Results: Each $20{\ell}$ pot was filled with soil infected with ginseng root rot pathogens, and irrigated daily with $2{\ell}$ of water for one month. After the irrigation treatment, ginseng fine root powder was mixed with the irrigated soil at a rate of 20 g per pot. In descending order, ${NO_3}^-$, electric conductivity (EC), exchangeable Na (Ex. Na) and K (Ex. K) decreased due to irrigation. In descending order, ${NO_3}^-$, EC, Ex. K, and available $P_2O_5$ increased with the additon of ginseng powder to the soil. The abundance of Trichoderma crassum decreased with irrigation, but increased again with the incorporation of ginseng powder. The abundance of Haematonectria haematococca increased with irrigation, but decreased with the incorporation of ginseng powder. The abundance of Cylindrocarpon spp. and Fusarium spp., which cause ginseng root rot, increased with the incorporation of ginseng powder. The abundance of Arthrobacter oryzae and Streptomyces lavendulae increased with irrigation. The abundance of Streptomyces lavendulae decreased, and that of Arthrobacter spp. increased, with the incorporation of ginseng powder. Aerial growth of ginseng was promoted by irrigation, and ginseng root rot increased with the incorporation of ginseng powder. Conclusions: Ginseng root residues in the soil affected soil nutrients and microorganisms, and promoted ginseng root rot, but did not affect the aerial growth of ginseng.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.249-253
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• 2004

The type of air lift bioreactor affected the root growth in ginseng adventitious root cultures. Among bioreactors used in this experiment, bulb type bubble bioreactor (BU) was the best to increase root growth (41.92 g dry weight). The kLa value representing the oxygen transfer capacity from medium to explants (6.98 h$^{-1}$ ) in BU with 5 cm bubble column was higher than other bioreactors. On the other hand, cylindric tube bioreactor (CT) without bubble column resulted in minimum root growth (38.55 g dry weight) and kLa value (5.25 h$^{-1}$ ). Furthermore, the root growth (50.30 g dry weight) in BU with 10 cm bubble column more increased than 5 cm bubble column. However, the kLa value do not affected the secondary metabolite such as ginsenosides. These results show that the bubble column in air lift bioreactor increase kLa value and increased kLa value stimulate the growth of ginseng adventitious roots.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.43-47
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• 2006

Ginseng (Panax ginseng CA. Meyer) hairy root cultures, which are established via the infection of ginseng root discs with Rhizobium rhizogenes, have been used to construct profiles of both biomass growth and nutrient consumption in flask cultures. In a 250 mL shake flask culture, the maximum biomass was observed on the 59th day of the culture period, at 216.8 g (fresh wt) per liter or 11.4 g (dry wt) per liter. The hairy roots were determined to have a growth rate of 0.355 g-DW/g cells/day during the exponential growth phase and a maximum specific growth rate on day 7. Total ginseng saponin and phenolic compound contents were noted to have increased within the latter portion of the culture period. Linear correlations between increases in biomass weight and nutrient uptake were used to imply the conductivity yield $2.60g-DW/(L{\cdot}mS)$ and carbon yield 0.45 g-DW/(g sugar) in the 250 mL flask cultures. The biomass yield when two different nitrogen sources were used (ammonia and nitrate) was shown to remain approximately constant. at $0.47g-DW/(L{\cdot}mM\;NH_4$) and $0.33g-DW/(L{\cdot}mM\;NO_3$); it remained at these levels for 16 days with the ammonia. and for 24 days with the nitrate. The biomass yield when a phosphate source was used was also shown to remain approximately constant for 9 days, at $3.17g-DW/(L{\cdot}mM\;PO_4$), with an $R^2$ of 0.99.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.257-264
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• 2005

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of red ginseng extract on the growth of Lactobacillus sp. (L acidophilus, L casei, L salivarius), Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes in pH controled medium by $\beta-Glycerol\;PO_4$ buffer. The growth of Lactobacillus sp. was show a similar pattern in control and MRS broth with red ginseng extract $1.0\%$ but was remarkably show inhibiting in MRS broth with over $2.0\%$ red ginseng extracts. The growth of E coli was inhibited in Trypticase soy broth with $1.0\%$ red ginseng extracts. Also the growth of L monocytogenes was inhibited in Trypticase soy broth with $5.0\%$ red ginseng extract The growth of L acidophilus KCTC3150, L casei KCTC3189, L salivarius ssp. salivarius CNU27, and E coli KCTC1039, L monocytogenes KCTC3443 were remarkably inhibited in pH non-control medium and pH control medium with $10\%$ red ginseng extract These results was suggested to effect of inhibition of microorganisms growth not pH decrease by organic acid but another components in red ginseng extract.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1986

To evaluate the possible utilization of ginseng by-products, chemical components of ginseng residue, reducing ability of DPPH, effect of residue extract on the yeast growth, amino acid contents of yeast cell, increase of residue extract yield by enzyme treatment were studied. Alcohol and water extract residue contained 43-46% total reducing sugar and 14-15% crude protein, while alcohol extract residue had 0.18% n-BuOH extract. Water extract of alcohol extract residue had about 45% reducing ability of DPPH in comparison with that of alcohol extract from ginseng roots. Essential nutrients for the yeast growth were found in extract when Saccharomyces cerevisiae was cultured in Czapeck medium, a compound medium, with the residue. The addition of residue extract to malt medium, a natural medium, enhanced 30-40% yeast growth. And content of each amino acid in yeast cell cultured on malt medium with ginseng residue extract was much more than that of the cell cultured without ginseng extract, but amino acid composition of yeast cell did not differ from one another. The treatment of alcohol extract residue with cellulase increased 250% yield of residue extract.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.165-168
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• 1989

Ginseng plants in the 2nd year were grown under the shade (90-95%) of colored cellophane films at $15^{\circ}C$ in a natural light phytotron. Relative root grown (final/initial) was in decreasing order of blue, green, white, yellow and red. The growth of aerial part, especially stem length was poorest in blue light with relative root growth negatively correlated with stem length. In this relation each color showed specific domain. Stem length showed positive linear correlation with leaf area per plant in each and among light though it was not significant in red light. The content and ratio of chlorophyll a and b in leaf were in the decreasing order of White, Blue, Green, Red and Yellow. There is positive correlation between chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, and between total chlorophyll and chl:a/b ratio. Blue color shade is expected to be beneficial for ginseng production.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.277-283
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• 2016

Background: The photosynthetic efficiency cool-season, semi-shade ginseng is normal at low morning temperatures, but drops at high afternoon temperatures. Therefore, optimal plant performance would be ensured if it were possible to control daily light transmission rates (LTR). Methods and Results: Plants were grown in a controlled light environment that replicated 11 AM conditions and comparatively analyzed against plant grown under normal conditions. Growth in the controlled light environment resulted in a 2.81 fold increase in photosynthetic efficiency with no change in chlorophyll content, although LTR were high due to low morning temperatures. Increased aerial plant growth was observed in the ginseng plants adapted to the controlled light environment, which in turn influenced root weight. An 81% increase in fresh root weight (33.3 g per plant on average) was observed in 4-year-old ginseng plants grown in controlled light environment compared to the plants grown following conventional practices (18.4 g per plant on average). With regard to the inorganic composition of leaves of 4-year-old ginseng plants grown in controlled light environment, an increased in Fe content was observed, while Mn and Zn content decreased, and total ginsenoside content of roots increased 2.37 fold. Conclusions: Growth of ginseng under a favorable light environment, such as the condition which exist naturally at 11 AM and are suitable for the plant's photosynthetic activity creates the possibility of large scale production, excellent-quality ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.65-74
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• 1984

This experiment was carried out to study the effects of light intensity and soil water regimes on the growth of ginseng seedling. The results were as follows: 1. The maximum light intensity and optimum temperature in 1,le photosynthesis of ginseng seedling were 10,000 lux and 23 $^{\circ}C$. Respiration rate was increased at high temperature. 2. Air and soil temperature under the shading were increased as the increase of light intensity but soil water contents were decreased as the increase of light intensity, whereas air and soil temperature were decreased as the increase of precipitation under the shade b5: soil water contents were increased as the increase of precipitation under the shade. 3. The higher the transmittance of the shade, the greater the specific leaf weight (S.L.W.) and stomatal density. In contrast, however, the contents of total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and b, and stomatal length was decreased. There was no any significant difference light intensity of the a/b ratio of chlorophyll. 4. The highest photosynthesis was occurred in ginseng leaves grown under the shade 5% L.T.R. and net photosynthesis rates increased with increasing soil water contents. 5. Optimum condition for usable seedling yield were 5% L.T.R. and 3.3% precipitation under the shade. Useless seedling increased with increasing precipitation under the shade.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.41-45
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• 2000

Maltooligosaccharides were produced from ginseng starch by hydrolysis of $\alpha$-amylase. And it was investigated that physicochemical properties and intestinal bacteria growing effort of maltooligosaccharides. The optimum level of the ginseng maltooligosaccharides was produced when 10% ginseng starch was hydrolyzed with 50 unit of Amano A $\alpha$-amylase per gram starch at 85。C for 24h. Viscosity and water holding capacity of the ginseng maltooligosaccharides were 37.7 cps at 20。C and 110.1% at 75% relative humidity, respectively. The ginseng maltooligosaccharides enhanced the growth of Bifidobaterium infantis.