• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.322-327
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• 2009

A total of 23 isolates of Botrytis cinerea causing the grey mold were collected from infected ginseng in several fields of Korea. The sensitivity to carbendazim and the mixture of carbendazim plus diethofencarb was determined through a mycelial inhibition test on PDA amended with or without fungicides. B. cinerea isolates were classified as 3 phenotypes, which were the first phenotype resistant to both of carbendazim and the mixture ($Car^RMix^R$), the second one resistant to carbendazim and sensitive to the mixture ($Car^RMix^S$), and the last one sensitive to both of them ($Car^RMix^S$). Carbendazim resistance correlated with a single mutation $\beta$-tubulin gene of B. cinerea amplified with primer pair tubkjhL and tubkjhR causing a change of glutamate to alanine at amino acid position 198. Furthermore, the substitution of valine for glutamate led the resistance to carbendazim and the mixture at the same position of amino acid. PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis using the restriction endonuclease, Tsp451 and BstUI allowed differentiation of the PCR fragment of $\beta$-tubulin gene of $Car^SMix^S$ isolates from that of $Car^RMix^R$ and $Car^RMix^S$ isolates. This method will aid in a fast detection of resistance of carbendazim and the mixture of carbendazim plus diethofencarb in B. cinerea in ginseng field.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.217-221
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• 2012

This research was conducted to investigate the influence of various organic substrates on growth and yield of ginseng seedling grown organically in the closed plastic house. The pH and EC of substrates used for organically ginseng cultivation ranged 5.93~6.78 and 0.03~0.15 dS/m respectively. The concentrations $NH_4$-N and $NO_3$-N respectively was 14.01~68.63 mg/L, 5.60~58.83 mg/L. The average quantum of the closed plastic house was range from 10 to 16% of natural light. In July and August, the maximum temperature of the closed plastic house did not exceed 30 and the average temperature was maintained within 25 lower than the field because air conditioning ran. The PPV-1 and PPV-2 bed soil substrates produced higher stem length, stem diameter, shoot fresh weight and leaf area than those of conventional culture. In PPV-2 bed soil substrates, root fresh weight and root diameter was the highest. The root fresh weight of PPV-2 bed soil substrates in closed plastic house was maximum 25% heavier than the conventional cultivation. The results of this experiment will be utilized for making new substrate application for organic ginseng culture in the plastic house.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.66-70
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• 1998

TMV resistant lines (TRLs) originated from the Blo plant of Nicotiana tabacum cv. NC82 transformed with TMV coat protein cDNA which initially showed delayed disease symptom were selected for increased resistance in each subsequent generation. The result of field experiment of the transgenic tobacco lines in the fifth generation for TMV resistance and their response to other tobacco diseases (black shank, bacterial wilt, and powdery mildew) is described in this report. When fifteen TRLs of the fifth generation were tested for TMV resistance by mechanically inoculating the individual plants, over 95 percent of the plants of 6 lines showed complete resistance even 8 weeks after the inoculation. Average frequency of the resistant plants in TRLs of the fifth generation 8 weeks after the inoculation was 87%. Stable insertion and expression of TMV coat protein cDNA in the fifth generation of the transgenic tobacco plant were confirmed by PCR and immunoblot hybridization, respectively. All TRLs were resistant to the black shank but were susceptible to the bacterial wilt disease and the powdery mildew to the same degree as non-transgenic NC82 was. Therefore, it was indicated that the phenotypes related at least to disease resistance were not changed in the transgenic tobacco. Key words : TMV CP cDNA, TMV resistant tobacco plant, transformation.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.71-76
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• 1980

2년생(年生) 묘삼(苗蔘)을 공시(供試)하여 식양토(埴壤土)와 사양토(砂壤土)를 사용(使用)한 폿트시험(試驗)에서 토양수분함량별(土壤水分含量別) 인삼생육(人蔘生育) 상황(狀況)을 조사(調査)한 바, 아래와 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. 식양토(埴壤土)에서 지하부(地下部)의 출아율(出芽率)과 경신장은 포장용수량(圃場容水量)의 40% 이하에서는 현저히 감소되었다. 2. 사양토(砂壤土)에서는 토양수분함량(水分含量)이 많을수록 지상부(地上部) 생육(生育)이 좋아지는 경향(傾向)이나 경직경은 토양수분(土壤水分) 60%에서 가장 컸으며 토양수분(土壤水分) 40% 이하에서는 경장과 엽(葉)의 생육(生育)이 저해(沮害)되었다. 3. 사양토(砂壤土)에서 근중(根重)은 토양수분 60%에서 가장 무거웠으며, 근중(根重)과 경직경($r=0.781^*$, P=0.05), 근장(根長)(r=0.654, P=0.10)간(間)에는 정(正)의 상관(相關)이 있었다. 4. 사양토(砂壤土)에서 지상부(地上部) 고사율(枯死率)과 근부패율(根腐敗率)은 토양수분(土壤水分) 60%에서 가장 적었으며 이보다 많거나 적을 때는 점차 증가(增加)하는 경향(傾向)을 보였다.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.174-179
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 인삼 잎으로부터 정제한 mRNA를 이용하여 cDNA library를 제작하였다. 이 cDNA library로 부터 349개의 에너지 대사 관련 유전자를 선발 하였다. 에너지 대사 관련 유전자의 평균 사이즈는 0.49 kb이며, 에너지 관련 유전자들의 세부 기능별 발현을 분석한 결과 aerobic respiration(48.4%), accessory proteins of electron transport and membrane associated energy conservation(17.2%), glycolysis and gluconeogenesis(3.4%), electron transport and membrane associated energy conservation(2.9%), respiration(2.0%), glycolysis methylglyoxal byp-ass(1.7%), metabolism of energy reserves(0.6%)와 alcohol fermentation(0.3%)의 분포를 보였다. 인삼 잎에서 발현되는 유전자중 가장 많이 발현된 Chlorophyll a/b binding protein of IhcII type I(36.6%), Photosystem II oxygen-evolving complex protein(6.6%) 등이 발현되었다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.416-420
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• 2010

Root yield and quality of ginseng cultured in paddy soil was low relatively compared with that of upland soil because of moisture injury in root during rainy season. Drainage class in soils generally divided into 6 classes, and it is possible to cultivate ginseng practically in imperfectly drainage class (IDC). This study carried out to select the varieties that is suitable for paddy soil, which is easy to be generated rusty-colored root and physiological-discolored leaf. Experiment plot arranged with the condition of soil humidity contents such as poorly drainage class (PDC) and imperfectly drainage class (IDC), and upland soil. Growth characteristics and root yield were investigated in four-year-old ginseng of varieties, Cheonpoong (CP), Yeonpoong (YP), Hwangsookjong (HS), and Jakyeongjong (JK). CP among four varieties showed the highest yield in IDC and CP was the lowest ratio in leaf discoloration and rusty-colored root. HS was followed by CP in the order of root yield, but it had the weakness that the ratio of rusty-colored root was high respectively.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2018년도 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.93-93
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• 2018

This study disclosed the aqueous fruits extract of Rubus coreanus as a sustainable agent for the synthesis of Rubus coreanus zinc oxide nanoparticle (Rc-ZnO Nps) using as a reducing and capping precursor for co-precipitation method. The development of Rc-ZnO was assured by white precipitated powder and analyzed by spectroscopic and analytical instruments. The UV-visible (UV-Vis) studies indicate the maximum absorbance at 357nm which confirmed the formation of ZnO Nps and the purity, functional group and monodispersity were assured by field emission transmission electron microscopy (FE-TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) data revealed the Nps is 23.16 nm in size, crystalline in nature and possess hexagonal wurtzite structure. The Rc-ZnO Nps were subjected for catalytic studies. The Malachite Green dye was degraded by Rc- ZnO NPs in both dark and light (100 W tungsten) conditions and it degraded about 90% at 4 hours observation in both cases. The biodegradable, low cost Rc-ZnO NPs can be a better weapon for waste water treatment.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.188-194
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• 2003

Rust-spot on North American ginseng roots (Panax quinquefolius L.) is considered a physiological, not a pathological disorder. Ginseng rust-spot starts as an orange spot on the surface of the root and may spread forming a sunken, round to irregular lesion. 5 mm in diameter. Pieces of root, 7 mm in length and containing a rust-spotted lesion, were embedded in agar and sectioned using a vibratome. These sections and hand sections, cut with a two-sided razor blade, were examined using fluorescence microscopy. The 4-5 cell layers of the periderm were destroyed in the area of the lesion and orange substance:, were deposited in and around the lesion. Sections stained with vanillin-HCI and viewed using bright field microscopy confirmed that the orange substances were phenolic compounds. Scanning electron micros-copy showed that the periderm had pulled away from the root, or was completely destroyed, in the area of the lesion. The smooth surface of the lesion indicates the deposition of phenolic compounds in surrounding cells as a wound response. Roots sprayed or dipped in ethephon (1500 mgㆍL$^{-1}$ ) developed rust-spots, more so at 21$\pm$2$^{\circ}C$ than at 3$\pm$0.2$^{\circ}C$. Roots held at 21$\pm$2$^{\circ}C$ were yellowish and developed white cell proliferations. Comparable control roots also developed rust-spots likely due to the high undecomposed organic matter content of the incubation soilless mix.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.372-379
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• 2013

The present study was investigated the effect of planting density on plant growth and yield of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Sowing density is one of the most important factors affecting yield. The value of roots have affected by shape, color, weight and degree of disease injury in ginseng. Also, it needed to minimize elapsed time for 5 years including pre-planting field management and cultivation period. We were conducted to evaluate that planting densities and varieties on the growth, yield and missing rate. The direct sowing was treated seeds density as a four levels (seeds; 72, 90, 120, 144) and 10 different varieties with 3 years old ginseng roots. Root weight was significantly affected by planting density and variety, but the number of lateral root and yield were affected by only planting density. Growth index was related to variety and planting density. Also, Root shape index was affected by both varieties and planting densities. Suitable planting density and variety were 120 plant per 1.62 $m^2$ and Gopoong, respectively. Results showed that it was also a significant difference (p=5%) in variety of planting density on growth.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.706-716
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• 2021

Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), the most common functional gastrointestinal disorder, is characterized by chronic abdominal pain and bowel habit changes. Although diverse complicated etiologies are involved in its pathogenesis, a dysregulated gut-brain axis may be an important factor. Red ginseng (RG), a traditional herbal medicine, is proven to have anti-inflammatory effects and improve brain function; however, these effects have not been investigated in IBS. Methods: Three-day intracolonic zymosan injections were used to induce post-infectious human IBS-like symptoms in mice. The animals were randomized to receive either phosphate-buffered saline (CG) or RG (30/100/300 mg/kg) for 10 days. Amitriptyline and sulfasalazine were used as positive controls. Macroscopic scoring was performed on day 4. Visceral pain and anxiety-like behaviors were assessed by colorectal distension and elevated plus maze and open field tests, respectively, on day 10. Next-generation sequencing of gut microbiota was performed, and biomarkers involved in gut-brain axis responses were analyzed. Results: Compared to CG, RG significantly decreased the macroscopic score, frequency of visceral pain, and anxiety-like behavior in the IBS mice. These effects were comparable to those after sulfasalazine and amitriptyline treatments. Moreover, RG significantly increased the proliferation of beneficial microbes, including Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus reuteri, and Parabacteroides goldsteinii. RG significantly suppressed expression of IL-1β and c-fos in the gut and prefrontal cortex, respectively. Further, it restored the plasma levels of corticosterone to within the normal range, accompanied by an increase in adrenocorticotropic hormone. Conclusion: RG may be a potential therapeutic option for the management of human IBS.