• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.45-52
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• 2001

50 g내외의 4년근 수삼을 물로 세척한 후 한 뿌리씩 기능성 연포장재 필름 주머니(200$\times$300 m)에 넣고 밀봉하여 $25^{\circ}C$에서 저장하면서 연포장재 필름의 물성과 포장방법이 개별포장 수삼의 저장성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 산소투과도는 2.5~1900 cc/m$^2$.day.atm으로 각기 다르고 투습도는 4.0~5.0 g/m$^2$.day.90%RH으로 서로 비슷한 연포장재필름을 사용하였을 때 수삼의 외관품질은 산소투과도가 낮을수록 양호하였다. 투습도가 1.5-6.3 g/m$^2$.day.90%RH 수준으로 각기 다르고 산소투과도는 3.4~5.4 cc/m$^2$.day.atm범위로 비교적 낮은 연포장재 필름을 사용하였을 때 수삼의 외관품질은 투습도가 3.5g/m$^2$.day.90%RH인 연포장재 시험군에서 가장 양호하였고 투습도가 이보다 높거나 낮은 경우에는 수삼의 외관품질 불량률이 증가하는 경향이었다. 한편수삼을 연포장재 필름 주머니에 넣고 상압포장, 진공포장, 이산화탄소 충전포장, 이산화탄소-질소(30:70) 혼합가스 충전포장, 이산화탄소-산소-질소(25:5:70) 혼합가스 충전포장 등의 방법으로 포장하여 $25^{\circ}C$에서 저장하였을 때 이산화탄소-산소-질소(25:5:70) 혼합가스 충전포장 시험군의 외관품질이 가장 양호하였고 진공포장 시험군은 특히 저장 후반에 외관품질이 급격히 저하되는 경향을 나타내었다. 따라서 수삼을 산소투과도가 낮고 투습도가 3.5g/m$^2$.day.90%RH내외인 연포장재 필름 주머니에 한 뿌리씩 넣고 이산화탄소-산소-질소(25:5:70) 혼합가스로 충전하여 저장하면수삼의 외관품질을 장기간 양호하게 유지시킬 수 있을 것으로 예상된다.

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국약용작물학회 2007년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.287.2-287.2
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• 2007

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.455-462
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• 2018

Background: Ginsenoside Rh2 has been known to enhance the activity of immune cells, as well as to inhibit the growth of tumor cells. Although the repertoire of genes regulated by Rh2 is well-known in many cancer cells, the epigenetic regulation has yet to be determined, especially for comprehensive approaches to detect methylation changes. Methods: The effect of Rh2 on genome-wide DNA methylation changes in breast cancer cells was examined by treating cultured MCF-7 with Rh2. Pyrosequencing analysis was carried out to measure the methylation level of a global methylation marker, LINE1. Genome-wide methylation analysis was carried out to identify epigenetically regulated genes and to elucidate the most prominent signaling pathway affected by Rh2. Apoptosis and proliferation were monitored to examine the cellular effect of Rh2. Results: LINE1 showed induction of hypomethylation at specific CpGs by 1.6-9.1% (p < 0.05). Genome-wide methylation analysis identified the "cell-mediated immune response"-related pathway as the top network. Cell proliferation of MCF-7 was retarded by Rh2 in a dose-dependent manner. Hypermethylated genes such as CASP1, INSL5, and OR52A1 showed downregulation in the Rh2-treated MCF-7, while hypomethylated genes such as CLINT1, ST3GAL4, and C1orf198 showed upregulation. Notably, a higher survival rate was associated with lower expression of INSL5 and OR52A1 in breast cancer patients, while with higher expression of CLINT1. Conclusion: The results indicate that Rh2 induces epigenetic methylation changes in genes involved in immune response and tumorigenesis, thereby contributing to enhanced immunogenicity and inhibiting the growth of cancer cells.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.396-407
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• 2022

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) has a high morbidity and mortality worldwide. 20 (S)-ginsenoside Rh2 (G-Rh2) is a natural compound extracted from ginseng, which exhibits anticancer effects in many cancer types. In this study, we demonstrated the effect and underlying molecular mechanism of G-Rh2 in CRC cells in vitro and in vivo. Methods: Cell proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, cell cycle, and western blot assays were performed to evaluate the effect of G-Rh2 on CRC cells. In vitro pull-down assay was used to verify the interaction between G-Rh2 and Axl. Transfection and infection experiments were used to explore the function of Axl in CRC cells. CRC xenograft models were used to further investigate the effect of Axl knockdown and G-Rh2 on tumor growth in vivo. Results: G-Rh2 significantly inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion, and induced apoptosis and G₀/G₁ phase cell cycle arrest in CRC cell lines. G-Rh2 directly binds to Axl and inhibits the Axl signaling pathway in CRC cells. Knockdown of Axl suppressed the growth, migration and invasion ability of CRC cells in vitro and xenograft tumor growth in vivo, whereas overexpression of Axl promoted the growth, migration, and invasion ability of CRC cells. Moreover, G-Rh2 significantly suppressed CRC xenograft tumor growth by inhibiting Axl signaling with no obvious toxicity to nude mice. Conclusion: Our results indicate that G-Rh2 exerts anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo by suppressing the Axl signaling pathway. G-Rh2 is a promising candidate for CRC prevention and treatment.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제41권8호
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• pp.1151-1157
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• 2012

인삼의 소비촉진과 국민의 건강 증진을 목적으로 인삼을 수삼과 홍삼액의 형태로 첨가하여 인삼 밥을 취반한 후 기호도, 물성 및 사포닌과 유리아미노산의 함량을 분석하였다. 전반적으로 기호도가 가장 좋은 인삼 밥은 마쇄기로 거칠게 간 형태(GRG)의 수삼을 원료 쌀의 10%를 첨가하여 취반한 인삼 밥이었고, 조직감과 밥맛에 대한 기호도는 홍삼액(RGE)을 50% 첨가하였을 때이었다. 인삼 밥의 물성은 쌀알 크기의 1~2배 정도로 잘게 다진 형태의(MRG)의 수삼을 첨가할 경우 10% 이상 첨가 시부터는 hardness와 adhesiveness가 감소하였으며, 홍삼액 형태(RGE)로 밥물 대신 첨가하여 취반하였을 경우는 첨가량이 많아질수록 hardness는 증가하였으며 adhesiveness는 감소하였다. 믹서로 갈은 슬러지 형태의 수삼(GRG)과 잘게 다진 형태(MRG)의 수삼을 첨가하여 인삼 밥을 취반할 경우 취반과정 중 사포닌구조의 변화가 일어나 수삼에서 검출되어진 Re를 포함한 8종의 진세노사이드성분의 함량이 감소되고 홍삼특유의 사포닌인 Rg3, Rh2 및 Rh1 등의 사포닌이 생성되었다. 총 유리아미노산 함량은 수삼 및 홍삼액 모두 첨가량이 증가할수록 인삼밥의 총 유리아미노산 함량이 증가되었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.147-152
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• 1997

Ginsenosides $Rh_1$ and $Rh_2$ Induced the differentiation of F9 teratocarcinoma stem cells. These agents are structurally similar to the steroid hormones, therefore, we speculated that the steroid receptor (s) or novel nuclear receptor (s) could be involved in the differentiation process induces by them. Based on this speculation, we tried to alone new nuclear receptors with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method by isolating RNA from F9 teratocarcinoma cells induced by ginsenosides. By using RT-PCR with degenerated primers from highly conserved DNA binding domain of nuclear receptors, we identified several nuclear receptors. In northern blot analysis we found that these clones are transcriptionally regulated by ginsenoside Rhl or Rh2 treatment. Further characterizations of these clones are needed to identify the mechanism of gene expression, which has an important role in the differentiation of F9 cells induced by ginsenosides.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.429-435
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• 2004

Ginseng has an anti-cancer effect in several cancer models. This study was to characterize active constituents of ginseng and their effects on proliferation of prostate cancer cell lines, LNCaP and PC3. Cell proliferation was measured by $[^3H]$thymidine incorporation, the intracellular calcium concentration by a dual-wavelength spectrophotometer system, effects on mite-gen-activated protein (MAP) kinases by Western blotting, and cell attachment and morphologic changes were observed under a microscope. Among 11 ginsenosides tested, ginsenosides $Rg_3\;and\;Rh_2$ inhibited the proliferation of prostate cancer cells. $EC_{50}s\;of\;Rg_3\;and\;Rh_2$ on PC3 cells were $8.4{\mu}M\;and\;5.5{\mu}M$, respectively, and $14.1{\mu}M\;and\;4.4{\mu}M$ on LNCaP cells, respectively. Both ginsenosides induced cell detachment and modulated three modules of MAP kinases activities differently in LNCaP and PC3 cells. These results suggest that ginsenosides $Rg_3\;and\;Rh_2$-induced cell detachment and inhibition of the proliferation of prostate cancer cells may be associated with modulation of three modules of MAP kinases.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.1791-1798
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• 2006

When ginsenoside Rg5, a main component isolated from red ginseng, was incubated with three human fecal microflora for 24 h, all specimens showed hydrolyzing activity: all specimens produced ginsenoside Rh3 as a main metabolite, but a minor metabolite $3{\beta},12{\beta}$-dihydroxydammar-21(22),24-diene (DD) was observed in two specimens. To evaluate the antiallergic effect of ginsenoside Rg5 and its metabolites, the inhibitory effect of ginsenoside Rg5 and its metabolite ginsenoside Rh3 against RBL-2H3 cell degranulation, mouse passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction induced by the IgE-antigen complex, and mouse ear skin dermatitis induced by 12-O-tetradecanoilphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) were measured. Ginsenosides Rg5 and Rh3 potently inhibited degranulation of RBL-2H3 cells. These ginsenosides also inhibited mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ in RBL-2H3 cells stimulated by IgE-antigen. Orally and intraperitoneally administered ginsenoside Rg3 and orally administered ginsenoside Rg5 to mice potently inhibited the PCA reaction induced by IgE-antigen complex. However, intraperitoneally administered ginsenoside Rg5 nearly did not inhibit the PCA reaction. These ginsenosides not only suppressed the swelling of mouse ears induced by TPA, but also inhibited mRNA expression of cyclooxygenase-2, $TNF-{\alpha}$, and IL-4 and activation of transcription factor NF-kB. These inhibitions of ginsenoside Rh3 were more potent than those of ginsenoside Rg5. These findings suggest that ginsenoside Rg5 may be metabolized in vivo to ginsenoside Rh3 by human intestinal microflora, and ginsenoside Rh3 may improve antiallergic diseases, such as rhinitis and dermatitis.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제39권8호
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• pp.1194-1200
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 인삼잎이 인삼뿌리보다 사포닌 함량이 높은 부위로서 식품 소재로 이용가치가 있을 것으로 생각되어 인삼잎을 이용하여 차 제품을 개발하기 위한 방안으로 인삼잎을 발효시켜 진세노사이드 조성 및 형태별 페놀산 조성의 변화를 분석하고 인삼잎을 침출시켜 침출액에 대한 전자공여능과 tyrosinase 저해활성을 측정하였다. 인삼잎에서 진세노사이드는 10종이 검출되었고 주된 진세노사이드는 ginsenoside-Rg1(26.0 mg/g), -Re(47.3 mg/g) 및 -Rd(23.9mg/g)이었고 발효에 의하여 ginsenoside-Rh2, -Rh1, -Rg2 및 -Rg3는 증가하였으며 특히 Rg3는 15배가 증가하였다. 인삼잎의 총 폴리페놀성 함량은 350.4 mg%이었고 발효인삼잎은 312.5 mg%으로 발효에 의해서는 약간 감소하였다. 인삼잎의 페놀산은 결합형은 검출되지 않았고, 유리형과 에스테르형이 각각 8 및 6종이 검출되었으며 그중에서 ferulic acid가 각각 12.6 및 50.7 mg%로 가장 많은 함량을 차지하고 있었다. 발효인삼잎에서는 ferulic acid는 상당량이 감소하였으나 protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid의 3종의 페놀산이 유리형, 에스테르형 및 결합형 모두에서 상당량 증가하여 총 함량이 각각 28배, 5배 및 7.8배 증가하였다. 인삼잎을 침출시킨 액을 이용하여 전자공여능과 tyrosinase 저해활성을 측정한 결과 전자공여능은 발효에 의하여 활성이 증가하지는 않았으나, tyrosinase 저해활성은 증가하여 $500\;{\mu}L/mL$ 농도로 첨가 시 46.5%를 나타내어 무발효인삼잎에 비하여 2배 이상 증가하여 시판녹차와 비슷한 결과를 보여주었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.274-281
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• 2020

Background: Ultraviolet (UV) goes through the epidermis and promotes release of inflammatory cytokines in keratinocytes. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), one of the keratinocyte-derived cytokines, regulates proliferation and differentiation of melanocytes. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathways regulate expression of GM-CSF. Based on these results, we found that ginsenoside Rh3 prevented GM-CSF production and release in UV-B-exposed SP-1 keratinocytes and that this inhibitory effect resulted from the reduction of PKCδ and ERK phosphorylation. Methods: We investigated the mechanism by which ginsenoside Rh3 from Panax ginseng inhibited GM-CSF release from UV-B-irradiated keratinocytes. Results: Treatment with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) or UV-B induced release of GM-CSF in the SP-1 keratinocytes. To elucidate whether the change in GM-CSF expression could be related to PKC signaling, the cells were pretreated with H7, an inhibitor of PKC, and irradiated with UV-B. GM-CSF was decreased by H7 in a dose-dependent manner. When we analyzed which ginsenosides repressed GM-CSF expression among 15 ginsenosides, ginsenoside Rh3 showed the largest decline to 40% of GM-CSF expression in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Western blot analysis showed that TPA enhanced the phosphorylation of PKCδ and ERK in the keratinocytes. When we examined the effect of ginsenoside Rh3, we identified that ginsenoside Rh3 inhibited the TPA-induced phosphorylation levels of PKCδ and ERK. Conclusion: In summary, we found that ginsenoside Rh3 impeded UV-B-induced GM-CSF production through repression of PKCδ and ERK phosphorylation in SP-1 keratinocytes.