• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 2018

Background: Furosine (${\varepsilon}$-N-2-furoylmethyl-L-lysine, FML) is an amino acid derivative, which is considered to be an important indicator of the extent of damage (deteriorating the quality of amino acid and proteins due to a blockage of lysine and a decrease in the digestibility of proteins) during the early stages of the Maillard reaction. In addition, FML has been proven to be harmful because it is closely related to a variety of diseases such as diabetes. The qualitative analysis of FML in fresh and processed ginsengs was confirmed using HPLC-MS. Methods: An ion-pair reversed-phase LC method was used for the quantitative analysis of FML in various ginseng samples. Results: The contents of FML in the ginseng samples were 3.35-42.28 g/kg protein. The lowest value was observed in the freshly collected ginseng samples, and the highest value was found in the black ginseng concentrate. Heat treatment and honey addition significantly increased the FML content from 3.35 g/kg protein to 42.28 g/kg protein. Conclusion: These results indicate that FML is a promising indicator to estimate the heat treatment degree and honey addition level during the manufacture of ginseng products. The FML content is also an important parameter to identity the quality of ginseng products. In addition, the generation and regulation of potentially harmful Maillard reaction products-FML in ginseng processing was also investigated, providing a solid theoretical foundation and valuable reference for safe ginseng processing.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.291-294
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• 1995

Total saponin was isolated from ginseng leaf, which was hydrolyzed in alkaline condition. The hydrolyzed products were identified as monogluco-ginsenoside, ginsenoside Rh1, Rh2 and compound K, which showed anticancer effects against human cancer cell lines (SNU 717, Daudi, and Jurkat).

• The Korean Ginseng Research and Industry
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.9-16
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• 2007

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.131-139
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• 1984

The pyrolytic behavior of vanillin, a flavorant for manufactured cigarettes, was examined to find its contribution to the smoke composition. Vanillin was pyrolyzed at various temperatures (500-$900^{\circ}C$) in a stream of nitrogen. Pyrolytic products at $800^{\circ}C$ were identified with GC/MS. As increasing temperature, pyrolytic products did not appear with qualitative differences. Component analysis of the resulting products showed that 24 compounds were identified. and phenolic compounds were major products. The pyrolytic pathway of vanillin was also discussed.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.98-103
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• 1984

A ginseng preparation consisting of ginseng ext., lycii fructus ext., four vitamins and caffeine was chosen and its efficacy was evaluated with respect to nutritional supplement, antifatigue activity and liver protective action. Animals administered orally in both one-third and three fold doses of the preparation showed no significant increments of their body weights when compared with those of the normal animals, suggesting no supplemental activity. However, the preparation in the above two doses significantly prolonged swimming time to 53 and 63%, respectively. Ginseng and lycii fructus ext. were found to be responsible for the antifatigue activity. And also the preparation significantly inhibited lipid peroxidation of mouse liver after ethanol-induced acute intoxication.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.85.1-85.1
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• 2003

Previously, we found the operon random primer (OP-5A) that is characteristic the genus Panax by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. However, OP-5A primer is limited to apply on the differentiation of only crude herbal plants. To construct more sensitive and unique primers on the genus Panax, ginseng-specific DNA profile (350 bp) that was amplified by OP-5A primer were inserted in a plasmid vector in the TA cloning method and sequenced. We designed the PCR primers (Forward: 5＂-AGGGGTCTTGCTAT AGCGGAAC-3＂, Reverse: 5＂-AGTCTTAATTTCATATTTTCGTATG-3＂) and identified the unique ginseng band (350 bp) in commercial granule products including ginseng extracts as well as crude ginseng plants by nascent PCR.(omitted)

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.193-199
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to Investigate characteristics of the water soluble browning reaction products (WS-BRPs) from Korean red ginseng by heat treatment. Absorbance of WS- BRPs was increased with increases of heating temperature and time, but pH value were decreased In Muter color value L and b value were decreased, while a value was increased. and absorbance at 280 nm in spectrum of the WS-BRPs was increased according to the increase of heating temperature. When the WS-BRPs were applied on Bio-Gel P-30 column after heating and pH treatment, two majors browning products increased according to the progress on time. And pH 3.0 increased in quantity of high molecular fractions and pH 8.0 increased in quantity of low molecular fractions.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.231-235
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• 1984

Active principles for the anti-fatigue activity of Panax ginseng were studied in mice using the swimming performance method. Ginseng water extract maximized the prolongation of swimming time 18 hours after administration. The potencies of anti-fatigue activities were found as in the order of ether soluble fraction and butanol soluble fraction as those of antioxidant activities previously determined. The anti-oxidant components, maltol, salicylic acid and vanillic acid isolated from the ether soluble fraction of Panax ginseng strongly exhibited the antifatigue activities, where as highly purified crystalline ginsenoside $4Rb_1$, Re and $4Rg_1$ did not.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.329-333
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• 2005

Contents of heavy metals, mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu), In ginsengs and ginsengs products their safety were evaluated using a mercury analyzer, atomic absorption spectrophotometer and Inductively coupled plasma spectrometer. Contents of heavy metals in ginsengs were [min-max(mean), mg/kg]; Hg 0.002-0.02(0.007), Pb 0.018-0.39(0.106), Cd 0.004-0.413(0.106), As ND-0.094(0.013), Cu 0.24-5.5(3.2), Mn 3.18-50.4(20.09), Zn 0.76-44.27(13.42). Ginseng products values were; Hg 0.0001-0.002(0.001), Pb 0.001-0.133(0.017), Cd ND-0.07(0.004) As ND-0.181(0.008), Cu ND-1.1(0.13), Mn 0.73-30.15(1.61). Zn 0.02-13.42(1.02), similar to those reported by other countries. Average weekly Intakes of Hg, Pb and Cd from ginseng and ginseng products were 0,003, 0.01 and 0,02% of provisional tolerable weekly intake established by FAO/WHO, respectively. Our result could be utilized as important references to establish the standard of lead in ginseng and ginseng products.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.274-283
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• 1998

It has generally been accepted that quality of ginseng should be determined not by the content of a single component but by composition and balance of total active principles. However, there still can be an exception with a product in which a given ginsenoside is used for the treatment of a specific disease. Although ginsenosides have been regarded to be major active components of ginseng and employed as index components for the quality control, it does not consistent with the traditional concept on ginseng quality creterion; main root has been more highly appreciated than the lateral or fine root. Content of ginsenosides in the lateral or fine root is much higher than that in main root. However, the ratio of protopanaxadiol (PD) and protopanaxatriol (PT) saponins existing in various part of ginseng root is greatly different. The ratio of PD/PT saponins in main root is well balanced but the thinner the root is the higher the ratio. Thus far, a total of 34 different kinds of ginsenosides have been isolated from Korean (red) ginseng, and their pharmacological activities were elucidated partly. Interestingly, different ginsenoside shows similar or contrary effects to each other in biological systems, thus indicating the significance of absolute content of single ginsenoside as well as compositional patterns of each ginsenoside. Therefore, pharmacological activities of ginseng should be determined as a wholly concept. In these regards, standardization of ginseng material (fresh ginseng root) should be preceded to the standardization of ginseng products because ginsenoside content and non-saponin active principles such as polysaccharides and nitrogen (N)-containing compound including proteins are significantly different from part to part of the root. In other words, the main root contains less ginsenosides than other lateral or fine roots. Contents of polysaccharides and N-containing compound in main root is higher. However, the quality control of ginseng products focused on non-saponin compounds has limitation in applying to the analytical method, because of the difficult chemical analysis of these compounds. Content of ginsenosides, and ratios of PD/PT and ginsenoside Rb,/Rg, are inversely proportional to the diameter of ginseng root. Therefore, these can be served as the chemical parameters for the indirect method of evaluating from what part of the root does the material originate. Furthermore, contents of polysaccharides and N-containing compounds show inverse relationship to saponin content. Therefore, it seems that index for analytical chemistry of saponin can be applied to the indirect method of evaluating not only saponin but also non-saponin compounds of ginseng. From these viewpoints, it is strongly recommended that quality of ginseng or ginseng products be judged not only by the absolute content of given ginsenoside but also by varieties and compositional balance of ginsenosides, including contents of non-saponin active principles.