• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.637-643
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• 2020

Background: Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is one of the world's most valuable medicinal plants with numerous pharmacological effects. Ginseng has been cultivated from wild mountain ginseng collections for a few hundred years. However, the genetic diversity of cultivated and wild ginseng populations is not fully understood. Methods: We developed 92 polymorphic microsatellite markers based on whole-genome sequence data. We selected five markers that represent clear allele diversity for each of their corresponding loci to elucidate genetic diversity. These markers were applied to 147 individual plants, including cultivars, breeding lines, and wild populations in Korea and neighboring countries. Results: Most of the 92 markers displayed multiple-band patterns, resulting from genome duplication, which causes confusion in interpretation of their target locus. The five high-resolution markers revealed 3 to 8 alleles from each single locus. The proportion of heterozygosity (H_e) ranged from 0.027 to 0.190, with an average of 0.132, which is notably lower than that of previous studies. Polymorphism information content of the markers ranged from 0.199 to 0.701, with an average of 0.454. There was no statistically significant difference in genetic diversity between cultivated and wild ginseng groups, and they showed intermingled positioning in the phylogenetic relationship. Conclusion: Ginseng has a relatively high level of genetic diversity, and cultivated and wild groups have similar levels of genetic diversity. Collectively, our data demonstrate that current breeding populations have abundant genetic diversity for breeding of elite ginseng cultivars.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.143-153
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• 2019

Background: Ginseng is one of the well-known medicinal plants, exhibiting diverse medicinal effects. Its roots possess anticancer and antiaging properties and are being used in the medical systems of East Asian countries. It is grown in low-light and low-temperature conditions, and its growth is strongly inhibited at temperatures above $25^{\circ}C$. However, the molecular responses of ginseng to heat stress are currently poorly understood, especially at the protein level. Methods: We used a shotgun proteomics approach to investigate the effect of heat stress on ginseng leaves. We monitored their photosynthetic efficiency to confirm physiological responses to a high-temperature stress. Results: The results showed a reduction in photosynthetic efficiency on heat treatment ($35^{\circ}C$) starting at 48 h. Label-free quantitative proteome analysis led to the identification of 3,332 proteins, of which 847 were differentially modulated in response to heat stress. The MapMan analysis showed that the proteins with increased abundance were mainly associated with antioxidant and translation-regulating activities, whereas the proteins related to the receptor and structural-binding activities exhibited decreased abundance. Several other proteins including chaperones, G-proteins, calcium-signaling proteins, transcription factors, and transfer/carrier proteins were specifically downregulated. Conclusion: These results increase our understanding of heat stress responses in the leaves of ginseng at the protein level, for the first time providing a resource for the scientific community.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1990.06a
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• pp.190-195
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• 1990

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.332-337
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• 1990

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.291-296
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• 1990

Various rates of 2,4-D were sprayed on 2 and 3 year old ginseng plants as foliar spray to define the critical concentration. No apparent plant injury was noticable for those ginseng plants when application concentration of 2,4-D doubled the recommended dosage (70 ml/10a). Neither abnormal foliar change occurred nor any inhibition in leaf and stem growth was resulted for the plants treated with 2,4-D concentrated two times of the recommended dosage. When the rates of 2,4-D application were increased greater than this level, injury ratings increased linearly with the rates of 2,4-D application and plant you was inhibited. Ethylene gas was not produced from the ginseng plant treated with 2 times concentrated 2,4-D, however the ginseng plants produced 0.03 to 0.09 ppm ethylene gas when the rate of application were increased 3 and 4 times, respectively. On the other hand the soybean treated with the recommended amount of 21-D produced ethylene gas of 10-20 times higher compared with ginseng plants and died. Photosynthesis ability of the ginseng leaf was significantly decreased by 2,4-D foliar application but it was recovered 4 weeks after 2,4-D foliar treatment. The herbicide 2,4-D was applicated to 2,3 and 4 years old ginseng plants as foliar spray with the rates of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times of the recommended dosage to define the effects of 2,4-D on the plant growth and root yield of the ginseng. There were no significant differences in the leaf and stem growth between untreated and 2,4-D treated plant. Berry maturing of 3 and 4 year old ginseng was not influenced by 2,4-D. The root weight of 4 years old ginseng plant was not reduced by application of 2,4-D concenrated 2 times of the recommended dosage, Application time of the herbicide 2,4-D had no effects on the leaf or stem growth of 2,3 and 4 year old year old ginseng plants. When the ginseng seedling was treated with 2,4-D, detrimental phenomena as stem bending and docoration of seedling leaf margin occurred, but stem bending was recovered in a few day s. Keywords Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, 2,4-D , herbicide.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.16-20
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• 2018

Background: The Panax ginseng plant is used as an herbal medicine. Phytosterols of P. ginseng have inhibitory effects on inflammation-related factors in HepG2 cells. Methods: Phytosterols (e.g., stigmasterol and ${\beta}$-sitosterol) in the roots of P. ginseng grown under various conditions were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The P. ginseng roots analyzed in this study were collected from three cultivation areas in Korea (i.e., Geumsan, Yeongju, and Jinan) and differed by cultivation year (i.e., 4 years, 5 years, and 6 years) and production process (i.e., straight ginseng, red ginseng, and white ginseng). Results: The concentrations of stigmasterol and ${\beta}$-sitosterol in P. ginseng roots were 2.22-23.04 mg/g and 7.35-59.09 mg/g, respectively. The highest concentrations of stigmasterol and ${\beta}$-sitosterol were in the roots of 6-year-old P. ginseng cultivated in Jinan (82.14 mg/g and 53.23 mg/g, respectively). Conclusion: Six-year-old white ginseng and white ginseng cultivated in Jinan containing stigmasterol and b-sitosterol are potentially a new source of income in agriculture.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.92-98
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• 1981

This experiment was carried out to inverstigate the characteristics of growth of ginseng Plant on field conditions as affected by seedling weight. Weight of seedling ranged from 0.4 to 1.8g were divided into seven classes at interval of 0.2g. The heavy seedlings showed superiority in stem length, stem diameter, leaf area, number of palmate leaf and leaflets and root weight in 2-,3-, and 4-age as compared to light ones. The heavy seedlings also showed superiority in the ratio of inflorescence appearance in 2-age and seed product in 4-age as compared to light ones, but there were no significant difference in the ratio of missing-plant and the cracking. of root. The differences of growth in field condition as affected by seedling weight were diminished as the age progressed, and the annual growth rates of root of light seedling were high in older plant.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2009.10a
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• pp.44-44
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• 2009

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Biotechnology Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.173-173
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• 2003

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.442-449
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• 2021

Background: Panax ginseng is an important crop in Asian countries given its pharmaceutical uses. It is usually harvested after 4-6 years of cultivation. However, various abiotic stresses have led to its quality reduction. One of the stress causes is high content of heavy metal in ginseng cultivation area. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can play a role in healthy growth of plants. It has been considered as a new trend for supporting the growth of many crops in heavy metal occupied areas, such as Aluminum (Al). Methods: In vitro screening of the plant growth promoting activities of five tested strains were detected. Surface-disinfected 2-year-old ginseng seedlings were dipping in Rhizobium panacihumi DCY116^T suspensions for 15 min and cultured in pots for investigating Al resistance of P. ginseng. The harvesting was carried out 10 days after Al treatment. We then examined H₂O₂, proline, total soluble sugar, and total phenolic contents. We also checked the expressions of related genes (PgCAT, PgAPX, and PgP5CS) of reactive oxygen species scavenging response and pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. Results: Among five tested strains isolated from ginseng-cultivated soil, R. panacihumi DCY116^T was chosen as the potential PGPR candidate for further study. Ginseng seedlings treated with R. panacihumi DCY116^T produced higher biomass, proline, total phenolic, total soluble sugar contents, and related gene expressions but decreased H₂O₂ level than nonbacterized Al-stressed seedlings. Conclusion: R. panacihumi DCY116^T can be used as potential PGPR and "plant strengthener" for future cultivation of ginseng or other crops/plants that are grown in regions with heavy metal exposure.