• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제53권3호
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• pp.163-174
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• 2023

Objective: This study evaluated the influence of various gingival displays on the esthetic perception in the presence of upper dental midline discrepancy. Methods: A smiling image of a male subject was altered digitally to produce five image series: normal smile (series A), decreased tooth show (series B), increased gingival show (series C), maxillary cant (series D), and asymmetric upper lip elevation (series E). In each image series, the midline was deviated to the right and left incrementally. A total of 210 raters (four professional groups and laypersons, n = 42 in each group) determined the midline deviation threshold and the attractiveness of midline position in each series. Results: The right and left thresholds were statistically similar for the symmetrical series (A, B, and C), while for series D, the right threshold was significantly lower. In most rater groups, the mean threshold order was: B > A > E > C > D. In all the series, the raters selected the coincident midline as the most attractive series except for series D, for which 1-2-mm deviations to the left were selected as the most attractive by almost all the groups. Conclusions: It is crucial to establish the coincident midline position in a symmetrical smile, especially when a gummy smile exists. In the asymmetrical gingival show, a coincident midline might not be the most esthetic midline position.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.127-133
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• 2016

이번 연구는 영남대학교의료원 재활병동에 입원 중인 뇌졸중 환자 78명을 대상으로 구강위생 및 건강, 구강건강관련 삶의 질을 검사하였으며 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. Gingival index는 3명(3.8%)의 대상자만이 정상소견에 해당하는 code 0의 상태를 보였으며 이외 대다수의 대상자는 치은의 출혈 소견을 의미하는 code 2 이상의 수치를 보였다. CPI code의 경우에는 42명(53.8%)의 대상자가 중등도 치주염 및 중증의 치주염을 의미하는 code 3 또는 4의 상태를 보였다. CPI에 따라 대상자를 분류한 결과 치주염이 심한 그룹이 그렇지 않은 그룹에 비해 교육수준이 낮고 흡연경험이 있었으며 잔사, 치석 지수 및 치은 건강이 유의하게 불량하였다. 구강건강관련 삶의 질은 일상생활수행도 및 인지능력과 유의한 상관관계를 보였다(p<0.05). 이상의 결과를 종합해볼 때 재활병동에 입원 중인 뇌졸중 환자의 구강위생 상태는 개선할 필요가 있으며 이를 바탕으로 뇌졸중 환자의 구강건강의 악화를 방지하며 나아가 환자의 전신적 회복에 기여할 수 있을 것이다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.243-258
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• 2001

Gingival recession is exposure of the root surface with apical shift in the position of gingiva. The incidence of gingival recession is 8% in children and 100% after the age of 50. Recession tends to be found in patients with healthy gingiva, but more frequentely found in patients with periodontal disease, and it often causes mucogingival defects. Buccal surface of premolar is the area not only for severe gingival recession and cervical abrasion, but also the area of numbers of buccal frenum and less keratinized gingiva. Threrfore, the goal of this study was to observe the patients with periodontitis and examine whether there are clinical relations between gingival recession and cervical abrasion of premolar and other factors related with the condition of periodontal health. Generally healthy 218 patients who had periodontitis, aged between 18 and 78, were examined for depth of periodontal poket, width of attached gingival, gingival recession, cervical abrasion, and frenum of mid-buccal surface of premolar at the Department of Periodontics in Dankook University Dental Hospital and following is the result. 1. The average gingival recession and cervical abrasion of premolar with periodontal disease was 0.76mm and 0.29mm and each has 43% and 14% of incidence. Also the width of attached gingiva of mid-buccal surface was 1.77mm. the average periodontal pocket depth is 2.0mm and 47% of frequently seen was narrow single shaped frenum, and the interdistance of the frenum was mostly over 4mm. 2. With statistical significance(P<0.05), the incidence of gingival recession increased with age and was related much more with female than male, the first premolar than the second premolar, and with narrow attached gingiva and frenum. 3. With statistical significance(p<0.05), the incidence of cervical abrasion increased with age and was related with the area of the first premolar and narrow attached gingiva, but the sexual and frenum differences were not statistically significant (p>0.05). 4. The severity of gingival recession increased with age and was more related with female than male, the first premolar than the second premolar. And the area of narrow attached gingiva and frenum showed more gingival recession and the distance of frenum was more highly related than shape, and they were statistically significant (p<0.05). 5. With statistical significance(p<0.05), the severity of cervical abrasion increase with age and was observed at the first premolar and narrow attached gingiva. But the sexual and frenum differences were not statistically significant (p>0.05).

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.20-24
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the soft tissue and bone change around two adjacent implants in onestage implant surgery. Methods: Eleven subjects (7 males, 4 females) who were needed placement of 2 adjacent implants in the molar area were included. The two implants were placed with the platform at the level of the alveolar crest. The interproximal bone between the 2 implants was not covered with gingiva. After surgery, an alginate impression was taken to record the gingival shape and radiographs were taken to evaluate implant placement. Using a master cast, the gingival height was measured at baseline, 4 weeks, and 12 weeks. In the radiograph, the alveolar bone level was measured at the mesial and distal side of both implants at baseline and 12 weeks. Results: The exposed bone was covered with gingiva at both 4 and 12 weeks. Loss of alveolar bone around implants was found in all areas. The alveolar bone level in the exposed bone area did not differ from that in the non-exposed area. Conclusions: This study showed that the alveolar bone level and gingival height around 2 adjacent implants in the exposed bone area did not differ from that in unexposed bone area.

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.20-25
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• 2010

Aim : This study was conducted to assess the oral health status of deaf and mute children attending special school. Materials and Methods : A cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted among 137 deaf and mute children with ages ranging from 7 to 18 years. A total of 76 males (55.47%) with mean age of $14.2{\pm}4.5$ and 61 females (44.53%) with mean age of $13.8{\pm}4.2$ years and studying in a school for deaf and mute children in Warora were considered. Data were collected using a standard method recommended by WHO for the oral health survey in 1977. Oral health status was assessed using OHIS, Loe and Sinless, and CPI Index along with DMFT and DMFS Index. Gingival position was considered for measuring attachment loss. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software package (version 17.0). Results : The mean DMFT was found to be $2.53{\pm}1.72$, and mean DMFS, $3.37{\pm}3.16$. The prevalence of dental caries was pegged at 35.32%, with mean OHIS score at $1.49{\pm}0.76$. Overall gingival index among deaf and mute children was $0.81{\pm}1.4$, whereas that for the upper arch and lower arch was $0.92{\pm}0.84$ and $1.19{\pm}0.95$, respectively. The mean score for the CPI Index among deaf and mute children was found to be $0.42{\pm}0.32$. Gingival clinical attachment loss was found to be $0.26{\pm}0.15mm$. Conclusion : These findings suggest that children with hearing disabilities can also have good oral hygiene comparable to normal individuals of the same age group. These results may be attributed to the fact that the study sample was taken from a single school of a private organization with a well-equipped dental setup.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.418-425
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• 2013

본 연구는 생활습관과 치주건강상태의 관련성을 파악하여 올바른 생활습관을 통한 치주질환의 예방 및 유지를 위한 기초자료를 제공하기 위하여 실시되었다. 연구대상은 일부지역 치과의원에 내원한 40~50대 성인 남녀 총 326명을 대상으로 하여 구조화된 설문지와 치주건강상태를 측정하여 조사 분석하였다. 수집된 자료는 IBM SPSS Statistics 19.0 통계프로그램을 이용하여 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 흡연여부는 치은염 지수(p<0.01), 치주낭 깊이(p<0.001), 임상적 부착소실(p<0.001)에 따라 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 2. 일일 흡연량은 치은염 지수(p<0.05), 치주낭 깊이(p<0.01), 임상적 부착소실(p<0.001)에 따라 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 3. 흡연기간은 치은염 지수(p<0.05), 치주낭 깊이(p<0.01), 임상적 부착소실(p<0.001)에 따라 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 4. 음주주기는 치은염 지수(p<0.05), 임상적 부착소실(p<0.05)에 따라 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 5. 흡연을 하는 경우(p<0.05) 임상적 부착소실에 영향을 미치는 것으로 조사되었다. 이상의 결과에서 치과진료기관은 환자들에게 건강한 치주상태를 예방 및 유지하기 위해서는 과도한 흡연과 음주는 치주건강상태에 영향을 미친다는 사실을 인식시킬 필요가 있으며 더불어 체계적인 금연과 절주를 위한 교육프로그램 개발이 마련되어야 할 것이다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.35-44
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• 1995

The purpose of present study was to evaluate the relationship between the early change of gingival condition and methyl mercaptan concentration during experimental gingivitis. Ten men(23-25 years old) whose gingiva were clinically healthy were selected. The participants have ceased to perform all forms of oral hygiene during 14 days and then did thorough plaque control for 7 days. For each subject, the methyl mercaptan concentration was measured by $B.B.Checker^{(R)}$ (Bad Breath Checker with printer, Tokuyama Soda Co.,LTD., Japan)before experiment and 1,4,7,14,21 days during experiment. Plaque index(Silness & $L\ddot{o}e$), gingival sulcus depth and sulcus bleeding index($M\ddot{u}hlemann$ & Son)score were recorded. The results were as follows. 1. Methyl mercaptan concentration increased continuously from the first day to the 14th day, decreased on the 21th day but it was still higher(P<0.001). 2. Plaque index score and sulcus bleeding index score tended to increase on the 4th day, markedly increased on the 14th day and returned to baseline level on the 21th day. 3. There was parallel relationhsip among methyl mercaptan concentration, plaque index score and sulcus bleeding index score. This result suggests that methyl mercaptan concentration increased with deterioration in gingival health, but decreased during recovery of normal health condition.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.83-89
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• 2023

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the relationship between COVID-19-related depressive symptoms and oral health among Korean adolescents. Methods: Data from the 17th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey were used and analyzed by the chi-squared test, and multiple logistic regression analysis was performed using SPSS 21.0. The final study population comprised 54,835 individuals. Results: The rates of toothache, gingival bleeding, tooth fracture, and tooth sensitivity were 21.2, 19.1, 8.7, and 30.6%, respectively. The rates of equal, increased, and decreased COVID-19-related depressive symptoms were 53.4, 36.9, and 9.7%, respectively. The rates of toothache, gingival bleeding, and tooth sensitivity were significantly higher (49.0, 48.3, and 46.3%, respectively) in the increased depressive symptom group than that in the decreased depressive symptom group (7.7, 8.1, and 7.7%, respectively). After adjusting for gender, school grade, school record, household economic status, tooth brushing frequency, smoking habit, and alcohol consumption, the risks of toothache, gingival bleeding, and tooth sensitivity in the increased depressive symptom group were symptom group were 1.64 (95% CI: 1.51-1.78), 1.55 (95% CI: 1.43-1.68), and 1.77 (95% CI: 1.65-1.89), respectively. Conclusions: There was a significant increase in oral symptoms in the group with increased depressive symptoms.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.657-668
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• 2008

Purpose: In this study, we compared low-power $CO_2$ laser treatment to ultrasonic scaling, which is generally approved as a power-driven mechanical instrumentation, and evaluated both of these treatments regarding their clinical effectiveness and change in the volume of in GCF. Material and methods: 20 patients who had gingivitis were selected. all of patients has no systemic problems. Randomly selected, one quadrant received ultrasonic scaling only, another quadrant received ultrasonic scaling and $CO_2$ laser irradiation, the other quadrant received $CO_2$ laser irradiation only. Clinical parameters measured at baseline, 1 weeks, 2weeks, 4weeks and 8weeks. Result: Pocket probing depth and clinical attachment level were not changed during study period. Gingival index of all group were improved after treatment. At 1 weeks after treatment, Gingival index of ultrasonic scaling group was only significantly different compared to control group. At 2 weeks after treatment, gingival index of all experimental group were significantly different compared to control group. At 4 and 8 weeks after treatment, gingival index of all group were increased, but experimental group were lower than control group. Sulcus bleeding index was similar to the results of gingival index. At 1 weeks after treatment, all experimental group were significantly different compared to control group and it maintained during study. At 2 weeks after treatment, sulcus bleeding index of all group were lowest during study. Gingival crevicular fluid were measured with $Periotron^{(R)}$ 8000($Oraflow^{(R)}$, Inc. USA). At baseline, all group were showed moderately severe condition. At 1 week after treatment, laser treatment only group was reduced quantity of gingival crevicular fluid mostly, and all group were reduced quantity of gingival crevicular fluid. At 2 weeks after treatment, all group were health state. At 4 and 8 weeks after treatment, all group were showed recurrent of inflammation, and control group was the most significantly increased. Conclusion: This study showed that the effects of $CO_2$ laser treatment were similar to conventional ultrasonic scaling and this result remained longer than plaque control only. These results suggest possibility of $CO_2$ laser treatment for altered periodontal therapy.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.147-152
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the oral health and hygiene in the neurosurgical patients in intensive care unit(ICU). Methods: The subjects were 92 neurosurgical patients in intensive care unit(ICU) from March, 2011 to December, 2012. The oral examination consisted of number of residual teeth, DMFT index, clinical attachment loss, gingival index, plague index, and Candida species colony of tongue and saliva. Plaque was inoculated from tongue and saliva and incubated in 36.5C incubator for 48 hours using $Dentocult^{(R)}$ CA(Orion Diagnostica, Espoo, Finland). Glasgow coma scale(GCS) was measured to evaluate the consciousness of the patients on the basis of medical record. Results: Oral health was poor in clinical attachment loss and gingival index. Oral hygiene in neurosurgical patients in ICU was very poor due to high plaque index and Candida colonization of tongue and saliva. Plague index was closely related to Candida colonization of tongue and saliva(p<0.05). Conclusions: Oral health and hygiene of patients in neurosurgical ICU were very poor. More careful oral hygiene care is very important and necessary to enhance the oral health improvement of the neurosurgical patients in ICU.