• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
• /
• v.33 no.3
• /
• pp.139-146
• /
• 2009

This study tried to develop the system (device) that automatically notify a manager of condition just before and after farrowing to extend ubiquitous-based technology and to increase efficiency of delivery care and productivity by reducing human labor and time on standby when farrowing management is done in the difficult and hard working environment of farrowing such as night or holidays in field sand especially in pig industry. In this test, selected 10 gilts were executed timed artificial insemination and were set up each temperature sensor and load sensor to them 3 days before the estimated farrowing day and were observed the farrowing situation. This study was embodied the NESPOT-based (KT Corporation) monitoring system, the system to transmit data in real time by utilization of wireless LAN and the sensor module to apply the ubiquitous environment to them. And this study was observed the situation to automatically notify situations of 10 gilts that first bore just before and after farrowing. The result obtained the farrowing situations of them in real time by setup of the NESPOT-based monitoring system to check farrowing situation directly is as follow. The average time of the automatic notice about situation just before farrowing by the temperature sensor was 27.5 minutes before the beginning of farrowing (the expulsion time of a piglet). 6 of 8 pregnant gilts that first bore automatically were notified situations just before farrowing and the temperature sensors inserted into 2 ones before farrowing were omitted. (The automatic notice rate 75%) The average time of the automatic notice of situation just after farrowing by the load sensor was taken 46.5 minutes after the beginning of farrowing (the expulsion time of a first piglet). The average gestation period of 8 ones that first bore and were tested by the automatic notice of farrowing situation was 115.6 days. This result found that the automatic farrowing notice system by the temperature sensor is more efficient than the load sensor as the automatic farrowing alarm device and sanitary treatment and improvement of the omission rate were required.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.475-481
• /
• 2007

A total of 40 Korean native pigs (gilt 21, boar 19) were used to investigate the meat quality, nutritional and sensory properties by gender. Gilts had significantly lower moisture and ash contents (%) than boars, but protein contents were not significantly different between the gender (p<0.05). Gilts contained high intramuscular fat contents were significantly lower in Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBS) and Water holding capacity (WHC) when compared to those of boars. There was no significant difference in meat color L (lightness) and a (redness) values between the gender (p>0.05), but gilt had higher b (yellowiness) values than boar. Regarding amino acid compositions, there were glutamic acid (3.25%), aspartic acid (1.94%) lysine (1.83%), leucine (1.77%), alanine (1.17%) and arginine (1.15%) for gilts and boars. There were no significant differences in the contents of the minerals such as calcium, potassium, phosphorous, sodium, magnesium, iron, zinc and copper (p>0.05). The results of fatty acid composition showed that gilts had significantly higher C16:1n7, C18:1n9, in intramuscular fat., whereas they had significantly higher contents of C14:0, C16:0, C20:1n9, C20:5n3 in subcutaneous fat than boars (p<0.05). Boars had significantly higher contents of C18:0, C18:1n7, C18:2n6, C20:1n9, C20:4n6, C22:4n6 in intramuscular fat and they had significantly higher contents of C18:2n6, C22:4n6 than gilts in subcutaneous fat (p<0.05). In sensory evaluation, gilts had significantly higher scores in juiciness, tenderness and flavor when compared to boars (p<0.05).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.27 no.7
• /
• pp.1019-1025
• /
• 2014

This study was conducted to observe the effects of crossbreeding and gender on the carcass traits and meat quality of Korean Native Black Pig (KNP) and $KNP{\times}Duroc$ crossbred ($KNP{\times}D$). A total of 50 pigs comprising seven KNP barrows, eight KNP gilts, twenty $KNP{\times}D$ barrows and fifteen $KNP{\times}D$ gilts were used in this study. Animals were reared in the same housing condition with same feed diet for six months prior to slaughter. After an overnight chilling, the carcasses were graded, and samples of Musculus longissimus dorsi were obtained for meat quality analysis. The slaughter and carcass weights and dressing percentage of $KNP{\times}D$ were higher (p<0.001) than those of KNP. The slaughter and carcass weights and backfat thickness of barrows were higher (p<0.01) than those of gilts. There were no significant difference in carcass conformation and quality grade between KNP and $KNP{\times}D$ as well as barrow and gilt. Fat content of $KNP{\times}D$ was higher (p<0.001) than that of KNP. Fat content of barrow was higher (p<0.001) than that of gilt. There was interaction between crossbreeding and gender on the fat content. KNP gilt showed higher fat content than KNP barrow whereas $KNP{\times}D$ barrow showed higher fat content than $KNP{\times}D$ gilt. Lightness, redness, yellowness, chroma and hue angle values and color preference of meat of $KNP{\times}D$ were lower (p<0.001) than those of KNP. Redness, yellowness and chroma values of meat of barrow were lower (p<0.05) than those of gilt. It is concluded that crossbreeding KNP with Duroc increases carcass productivity and meat fat but decreases meat color values and preference. Crossbreeding of KNP with Duroc produces a better fat deposition in meat of barrows than in gilts.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.74-81
• /
• 2010

The effects of different levels of natural clay enterosorbent on the growth, nutrient availability, and genital organs of post-weaning female pigs fed with an addition of zearalenone (ZEA) were investigated in the study. A total of thirty-five post-weaning gilts ($L{\times}Y{\times}D$) with an average body weight of 12.36${\pm}$1.46 kg were used in the test. The gilts were raised individually in metabolism cages and fed a corn-soybean meal-whey basal diet with an addition of 0 or 1 mg/kg of ZEA for 24 d with four levels of natural clay enterosorbent added in the feed. The treatments were: i) control; ii) control+2.5 g/kg clay; iii) control+1 mg/kg ZEA; iv) control+1 mg/kg ZEA+1.25 g/kg clay; v) control+1 mg/kg ZEA+2.5 g/kg clay; vi) control+1 mg/kg ZEA+5.0 g/kg clay; vii) control+1 mg/kg ZEA +10 g/kg clay. Pigs fed diets contaminated with additional purified ZEA had significantly reduced apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP), gross energy (GE) and apparent metabolic rate of GE (ME/GE, p<0.05) without changes of net protein utilization (NPU, p>0.05). Final body weight, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), vulva length, vulva width, vulva area, relative weights of genital organ and proliferative changes of the ovary tissues in gilts fed ZEA-contaminated diet were increased (p<0.05) compared to the gilts fed the control diet. Addition of natural clay enterosorbent in the ZEA-contaminated diet showed a positive protection effect on ZEA feeding, and the protection was increased linearly or quadratically as clay content increased. However, in pigs fed a diet with clay alone at 2.5 g/kg level there was no significant impact (p>0.05) on all the parameters as compared to the control. It is suggested that feeding ZEA at about 1.0 mg/kg for 24 days might result in a deleterious effect in pigs, and addition of 5 or 10 g clay enterosorbent per kg diet can effectively neutralize the detrimental effects of the ZEA feeding.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.61-67
• /
• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of infusion of sterile boar and their semen as pregnancy antigen factor for improvement of production in gilts. We observed 160 gilts between 7 to 8 months of age that were divided into 4 treatment groups vie. A group-epidimetomized boar, B group-no sperm semen infusion, C group-vasectomized boar, and D group-control in a completely randomized design. The number of total pigs born(NT) of A, B, C, and D groups were 10.05, 10.44, 11.63, and 9.97 pigs, respectively(P<0.05). And the NT of C g.cup was the highest among treatment. The number of live pigs born(NB) was similar to NT The NB of C group (10.70) was higher than that of A(9.12) and control(9.11)(P<0.05). However, there was not significant between B and C groups. The progesterone concentration of C group was the highest compare to other group at the 6th day after breeding. However, the progesterone concentration of C was lower than other groups after 8th day. There were not significant among cortisol of A, B, C and D groups. According of the results of this study, the infusion with vasectomized boar and semen at estrus before gestation can be improved reproductive efficiency because of more litter size in gilts.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.295-302
• /
• 2000

The objective of this study was to compare different superovulation treatments using PMSG or PG600$^{ }$ and to determine the optimal time of oocyte recovery after hCG administration. A total of 90 prepubertal Yorkshire x Landrace gilts crossed with Duroc, 6~7 months old and 100~120 kg of body weight, were used. PMSG (1,500 IU/head) or 5~7.5 ml of PG600$^{ }$(400 IU of PMSG and 200 IU of hCG) were administrated subcutaneously, and then 1,000 IU of hCG were administered intramuscularly at 72 hours after PMSG or PG600$^{ }$ injection. At carious time of 44, 46, 48 and 50 hours after hCG injection, superovulated gilts were slaughtered in a local abattoir. Ovaries together with oviducts were excised from the body immediately after slaughtered and transported to laboratory in 39$^{\circ}C$ saline. Ovaries were examined fur the number of corpus hemorrhagicum and unovulated follicles present in the surface of ovary. The unovulated follicles were categorized into small (1~3 mm in diameter) and large (4~8 mm) groups according to their diameter. Oocytes were recovered by flushing both oviducts with micropipette tip (1~100 $\mu$l) attached to a 10-ml disposable syringe. The number of CH on ovary and recovered oocytes at 46, 48 and 50 hr after hCG injection in PG600$^{ }$ treated groups were significantly higher than the other group. Group of phCG 50 hr among PMSG treated groups had a greater number of CH and recovered oocytes(P<0.05). The number of CH on ovary and recovered oocytes at 50 hr after hCG injection in 1$\frac{1}{2}$ vial(7.5 ml) of PG600$^{ }$ treated groups was significantly higher than 1 vial(5 ml) of PG600$^{ }$ treated group(P<0.05). In conclusions, considering a number of corpus hemorrhagicum and recovered oocytes after superovulation in gilts, effective time of oocyte recovery by treatment with PMSG and hCG was post-hCG 50 hr and with PG600$^{ }$ plus hCG was post-hCG 46, 48 and 50 hr. Also, admini-stration of 1$\frac{1}{2}$ vial(7.5 ml) of PG600$^{ }$ treated group had a great number of CH and recovered oocytes.covered oocytes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.44-51
• /
• 2012

Calcium ions play an important role in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy, but molecular and cellular regulatory mechanisms of calcium ion action in the uterine endometrium are not fully understood in pigs. Previously, we have shown that calcium regulatory molecules, transient receptor potential vanilloid type 5 (TRPV6) and calbindin-D9k (S100G), are expressed in the uterine endometrium during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in a pregnancy status- and stage-specific manner, and that estrogen of conceptus origin increases endometrial TRPV6 expression. However, regulation of S100G expression in the uterine endometrium and conceptus expression of S100G has been not determined during early pregnancy. Thus, we investigated regulation of S100G expression by estrogen and interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL1B) in the uterine endometrium and conceptus expression of S100G during early pregnancy in pigs. We obtained uterine endometrial tissues from day (D) 12 of the estrous cycle and treated with combinations of steroid hormones, estradiol-$17{\beta}$ ($E_2$) and progesterone ($P_4$), and increasing doses of IL1B. Real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that $E_2$ and IL1B increased S100G mRNA levels in the uterine endometrium, and conceptuses expressed S100G mRNA during early pregnancy, as determined by RT-PCR analysis. To determine if endometrial expression of S100G mRNA during the implantation period was affected by the somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) procedure, we compared S100G mRNA levels in the uterine endometrium from gilts with SCNT-derived conceptuses with those from gilts with conceptuses derived from natural mating on D12 of pregnancy. Real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that levels of S100G mRNA in the uterine endometrium from gilts carrying SCNT-derived conceptuses was significantly lower than those from gilts carrying conceptuses derived from natural mating. These results showed that S100G expression in the uterine endometrium was regulated by estrogen and IL1B of conceptus origin, and affected by the SCNT procedure during early pregnancy. These suggest that conceptus signals regulate S100G, an intracellular calcium transport protein, for the establishment of pregnancy in pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.28 no.5
• /
• pp.662-670
• /
• 2015

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of feeding barley naturally contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins on growth performance, vulva swelling, and digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein of gilts and the recovery of gilts fed normal diets immediately after the exposure to contaminated diets by measuring growth performance and vulva swelling. In Exp. 1, four diets were prepared to contain 0%, 15%, 30%, or 45% contaminated barley containing 25.7 mg/kg deoxynivalenol and $26.0{\mu}g/kg$ zearalenone. Sixteen gilts with an initial body weight (BW) of 33.3 kg (standard deviation = 3.0) were individually housed in a metabolism crate and assigned to 4 diets with 4 replicates in a randomized complete block design based on BW. During the 14-d feeding trial, individual BW and feed consumption were measured weekly and the vertical and horizontal lengths of vulva were measured every 3 d. From d 10, feces were collected by the maker-to-marker method for 4 d. Blood samples were collected on d 14. During the overall period, the average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and gain:feed of pigs linearly decreased (p<0.01) as the dietary concentration of contaminated barley increased. However, the digestibility of crude protein was linearly increased (p = 0.011) with the increasing amounts of contaminated barley. Increasing dietary Fusarium mycotoxin concentrations did not influence vulva size, blood characteristic as well as immunoglobulin level of pigs. In the Exp. 2, a corn-soybean meal-based diet was formulated as a recovery diet. Pigs were fed the recovery diet immediately after completion of the Exp. 1. During the 14-d of recovery period, the individual BW and feed consumption were measured weekly and the vertical and horizontal length of vulva were measured every 3 d from d 0. On d 7, the feed intake of pigs previously fed contaminated diets already reached that of pigs fed a diet with 0% contaminated barley and no significant difference in growth performance among treatments was observed during d 7 to 14 of the recovery period. In conclusion, increasing levels of mycotoxins in diets linearly decreased the growth performance of pigs, and these damages can be recovered in 7 d after the diet was replaced with a normal diet. The vulva size, blood characteristic, immune responses were not affected by increasing level of contaminated barley in the diets fed to pigs.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.38 no.3
• /
• pp.544-553
• /
• 2018

This study was conducted to determine the effects of breed and sex on meat quality and sensory properties of the loin in three-way crossbred pigs: $Landrace{\times}Yorkshire{\times}Duroc$ (LYD) and $Landrace{\times}Yorkshire{\times}Woori$ (LYW) black pig synthesized by Korean native breed. Carcass traits did not differ by breed. Carcass weight and backfat thickness were higher in castrates than in gilts (p<0.01). LYW showed significant high values in fat content, cooking loss, and water-holding capacity (WHC) than LYD (p<0.05). Redness and yellowness of the meat were higher in LYW than in LYD (p<0.01). Further, LYW had lower pH and shear force than LYD (p<0.001). Significant high scores in color and flavor were obtained in LYW or gilts compared to LYD or castrates by sensory panel, respectively (p<0.05). However, other sensory traits did not differ by breed or sex. Capric acid (C10:0) was higher in LYD than LYW (p<0.001). However, stearic acid (C18:0) and saturated fatty acid (SFA) contents were higher in LYW than LYD (p<0.05). Eicosenoic acid (C20:2) and the n6/n3 ratio were higher in gilts than in castrates, whereas SFA content was higher in castrates than in gilts. These results suggest that certain physicochemical qualities of meat and sensory properties are improved in LYW compared to LYD. This study could provide basic data on meat quality of crossbred pigs with Woori black pig as a terminal sire.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.49 no.4
• /
• pp.523-530
• /
• 2007

A total of 127 Korean native black pigs(gilt 30, boar 97) were used to investigate the carcass properties, yields of retail cut and meat quality. The average live weight, chilled carcass percentage and retail cut percentage used in this study were 74.69kg, 71.14% and 61.09% for boar, and 75.5kg, 73.88% and 56.25% for gilt, respectively. Although gilts were higher in live weight and chilled carcass percentage whereas lower in retail cut percentage when compared to boars, there was no significantly difference between gender(p<0.05). Gilts had higher fat contents than boars regardless of weight range groups. Protein contents increased as slaughter weight increased for gilt and boar groups. Gilts contained high intramuscular fat contents had significantly lower Warner-Bratzler shear force(WBS) and water holding capacity(WHC) when compared to boar in the same weight range group(p<0.05). There was no significantly different in meat color(p>0.05) although gilts had higher L(lightness), a(redness) and b(yellowness) values when compared to the same group of boar. From the result of this study can be used for the grading guideline and quality evaluation standard of Korean native black pigs by gender and live weight.