• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.1-13
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• 2022

PURPOSE: This study examined the effects of the craniovertebral angle, proprioception (joint error test), and the upper trapezius on the muscle tone when comparing cervical stabilization and scapula stabilization exercises and when two exercises were performed together. METHODS: The participants in this study agreed in advance, and this study was carried out by recruiting 27 university students in their twenties with mild frontal posture. The subjects were assigned randomly to three groups that performed cervical stabilization exercises, scapular stabilization exercises, and both cervical and scapular stabilization exercises. One-way repeated ANOVA was used to analyze the evaluation values of the 1^st, 3^rd, and 6^th weeks of exercise intervention within the group, and one-way ANOVA was used to compare the difference in the effects of exercise intervention among the three groups. RESULTS: Proprioception was significantly different in the cervical stabilization exercises (CSE) group and the cervical stabilization exercises + Scapular stabilization exercises (CSE+SSE) groups at three weeks, and there was a significant difference between the scapular stabilization exercises (SSE) group and the CSE+SSE group (p < .05). At six weeks, there was a significant difference between the CSE group and the CSE+SSE group, and there was a significant difference between the SSE group and the CSE+SSE group (p < .05). There was a significant difference between three and six weeks in the CSE group (p < .05). In the SSE group, there was a significant difference between pre and six weeks, and between three and six weeks (p < .05). In the CSE+SSE group, there was a significant difference between pre and three weeks, and between pre and six weeks (p < .05). On the other hand, there were no significant differences between CVA and muscular tone in all three groups (P > .05). CONCLUSION: In all groups, the proprioception (joint error test) showed significant improvement, and the CSE+SSE group showed greater improvement than the other groups. As a result, the appropriate combination of neck stabilization exercise and scapular stabilization exercise effectively improved proprioception in the presence of forward head posture (FHP).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 2024

PURPOSE: The study aimed to analyze the effect of pillow height on upper trapezius and sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle activity and overall human body comfort to determine the optimal pillow height. METHODS: The study included 32 healthy college students, of both genders, who provided prior consent. It examined three pillow heights (flat, 6cm, 12cm) and measured the upper trapezius and SCM muscles using ultrasonography, myotone, and electromyography(EMG). Muscle activation, thickness, and fatigue were assessed. RESULTS: The study found significant differences in muscle thickness and muscle tone based on the pillow heights (flat, 6cm, and 12cm) with a p < .05. The SCM and upper trapezius muscles were thinnest at a pillow height of 6cm. Muscle tone in the SCM was lower at both 6cm and 12cm pillow heights. Post-hoc measurements showed significant differences in both the SCM and upper trapezius muscles thickness at the 6cm pillow height (p < .05). Also, significant differences in muscle tone were observed only in the SCM, particularly between the 6cm and 12cm pillow heights. CONCLUSION: The ultrasonography and myotone measurements showed a significant difference in muscle thickness and muscle tension, both of which were above 6cm, while there was no difference in muscle activation. Based on the strong correlation between muscle tension and muscle thickness with pillow height, this study concluded that the human body feels comfortable with a 6cm pillow height. Therefore, it is recommended to use a pillow height of 6cm when lying in a supine position.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.301-305
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the microbiological contamination levels in rice cakes and rice flour due to climate change in three areas classified to their temperature and precipitation. We investigated the contamination levels of total aerobic bacteria, coliforms, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens of rice flour and 3 rice cakes such as Garaetteok, Sirutteok and Gyeongdan. Contamination levels of total aerobic bacteria in rice flour were 4.9 log CFU/g. In a total of 70 rice flour, yeasts & molds and coliforms were detected in 42 and 52 samples at the levels of 43 CFU/g and 1.29 log CFU/g, respectively. S. aureus were detected in only 1 rice flour (1.66 log CFU/g) out of 70. In an investigation of contamination levels in rice cakes, the population of total aerobic bacteria were highest in Gyeongdan (5.18 log CFU/g) and coliforms were highest in Gareattock (2.93 log CFU/g). There was no detection of E. coli and B. cereus except for only 1 Gareattock (1.20 log CFU/g). There were no differences of contamination levels among the three areas. If constant monitoring of rice cakes and rice flour is conducted on the basis of this study, it is expected to be able to analyze the change of contamination levels in rice cakes and rice flour due to climate change.