• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1980.09a
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• pp.21-25
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• 1980

Callus culture was initiated from explants of mature root tissues of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) on MS medium enriched with 2, 4-D. The aging callus produced numerious embryoids in the same medium. Reculture of these embryoids in the media (1/2 MS or B5) supplemented with benzyladenine and gibberellic acid resulted in profuse plantlet regeneration.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.255-264
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• 1989

Ginseng zygotic embryos, seedlings, and exised cotyledonary nodes were cultured on Murashinge and Skoog's(MS) medium, supplemented with 6-benzyladenine(BA) and gibberellic acid(GA3) to induce flower buds. As the concenteration of nitrogen compounds in MS medium was reduced to half of its strength, the flowering frequency of zygotic embryos increased up to 90%. The optimum concentration of sucrose in the medium for flowering of seedlings was 30-60 g/1. In all cases flower buds were formed on elongated axillary branches from the cotyledonary nodes, while the apices remained vegetative. When zygotic embryos and excised cotyledonary nodes were cultured on the medium, supplemented with all possible combinations of BA, GA3, and abscisic acid(ABA) of 5 $\mu$M indole-3-acetic acid(IAA) in the above combinations did not affect flowering. These results suggest that cytokinins, gibberellins, and inhibitors play primary, permissive, and preventive roles, respectively, in the induction of flowering of ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.187-192
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• 1986

Activity of endogenous growth regulator in 4th year Panax ginseng root was investigated by second leaf sheath test of rice seedling and paper chromatogram of a acidic fraction of methanol extract before (March 28) and after (May 9) emergence of root bud, at the late season (Sept.4) and after leaf fall (November 11). GA$_3$ and ABA were used as reference. According to paper and high performance liquid chromatography of samples and authentic growth regulators the presence of insole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA$_3$) and abscisic acid (cis and trans ABA) was confirmed. These three regulators appeared to consist of major system though the existence of other regulators could not be ruled out. IAA activity seemed little changed through out the seasons. GA activity decreased in the later stages while ABA activity increased.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.360-365
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• 1993

The infant seedling of rice(8-to 10-day-old) has often suffered from submergence just after transplanting due to the too short seedling height, 5 to 8cm, This experiment was conducted to elucidate the effect of gibberellic acid($GA_3 : 25% soluble liquid) with the application methods of foliar spray and seed-soaking on the elongation of seedling height of infant rice seedling in machine transplanting, We used a japonica rice variety, Hwaseongbyeo, and the seeding rate was 200g per seed tray(30$\times60$\times3cm). Generally,$GA_3 and Metalaxyl increased the elongation of seedling height of infant seedling while Tetracycle decreased the seedling height, To increase the seedling height of infant seedling, the foliar spary application of $GA_3 was better than seed-soaking treatment. The optimum concentration of $GA_3 for the foliar spray was about l0ppm and the optimum application time of $GA_3 was 3 to 4 days after sowing.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.315-319
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• 2012

This study was conducted to select plant growth regulators effective at ginseng berry set inhibition to help root growth in Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). PGRs (ethephon, gibberellic acid, maleic hydrazide, coumarin) were applied to field grown 5-year-old Korean ginseng between one and two times, before and during bloom in 2009, 2010. The number of treatment was more effective in ginseng berry set inhibition when used two times compared with one time in GA 1,000 ppm, MH (5,000, 10,000 ppm), coumarin (5,000, 10,000 ppm) treatment. According to treatment period of plant growth regulator, ginseng berry set inhibition rate from 20days before flowering date to 5days after blooming was the highest in MH 5000 ppm showing 99.9% and the lowest in GA 100 ppm showing 32.8%. The spray treatments of Ethephon (50, 150 ppm) and MH (5,000, 10,000 ppm) from 20 days before the flowering bloom up to 5 days before, and coumarin (5,000, 10,000 ppm) from 20 days to 6 days and before blooming that induced the inhibitory effect more than 90% after 12 weeks. Considering ginseng berry set inhibition characteristics and treatment period ethephon and coumarin was important about applied period but, MH treatment appeared to effective ginseng berry set inhibition regardless of treatment period.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.14-22
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• 2007

As the zygotic embryo of North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) matured during stratification over 203 days it grew from 0.75 to 5.2 mm. Embryo excision and culturing on media containing different concentrations of two growth regulators, gibberellic acid ($GA_3$, 1 to 10 ${\mu}M$) and benzyladenine (BA, 1 to 5 ${\mu}M$), during stratification, showed that shoot and root number and the shoot, root and cotyledon length increased with increased stratification time. Gibberellic acid was the more effective growth regulator for increasing shoot and root number and shoot, root and cotyledon lengths. Immature embryos (stratified for up to 63 days) needed growth regulators for further development. Cultures on $GA_3$ at the last culture date (stratified for 203 days) when embryos were mature, produced multiple shoots but there was no effect of $GA_3$ concentration. Benzyladenine inhibited shoot and root growth regardless of embryo stratification. Growth regulators had little effect on cotyledon length of mature embryos. Embryos cultured on $GA_3$ combined with BA were green on all culture dates whereas greening in the control and BA treatments increased with culture date. The BA treatments induced 100% swelling of the embryos on the final culture date while in the control and $GA_3$ treatments there was no swelling. There was little or no curling in the control and BA treatments and a linear decrease in curling with culture date in the $GA_3$ and $GA_3$ + BA treatments.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.177-182
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• 2016

Background: Many Taraxacum spp. plants are widely used in medicine, but some of them have propagation problems, such as strong dormancy and poor germination rates. This study investigated the effects of temperature, gibberellic acid ($GA_3$), and potassium nitrate ($KNO_3$) on seed germination in Taraxacum ohwianum. Methods and Results: The seeds (NIBRGR0000135524) were exalbuminous, and their length and width were $4.54{\pm}0.032mm$ and $0.97{\pm}0.029mm$, respectively. Various germination temperatures were tested (15, 20, 25, and $30^{\circ}C$), the optimum temperature for germination was found to be $20^{\circ}C$ (31.3%). High temperature ($30^{\circ}C$) resulted in non-typical seedlings (thickened and crumpled cotyledons, with a restricted root system). To increase the germination capacity, $GA_3$ (200, 500, and $1,000mg/{\ell}$) or $KNO_3$ (20, 50, 100, 200, and $500mg/{\ell}$) solutions were used as pre-soaking solutions instead of water. The $GA_3$ treatments increased the germination percentage and rate, but germination percentage was higher with the $KNO_3$ treatments. Under the $50-200mg/{\ell}\;KNO_3$ treatments, the germination percentage exceeded 80% after 12 days, and $50mg/{\ell}\;KNO_3$ was notably effective (91.2% after 15 days). Conclusions: T. ohwianum seeds showed improved germination at low temperatures. The best method for germination was presoaking in $50mg/{\ell}\;KNO_3$ for 24 h, in the dark at $4^{\circ}C$, and then incubating the germinated seed at $20^{\circ}C$ for 15 days.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.77-88
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• 2023

Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A.C. Smith is used as a medicinal plant and cosmetic material in China and Southeast Asia. To mass-produce Kadsura coccinea seedlings, the effects of gibberellic acid (GA₃) and cold stratification treatments on seed germination were investigated. Seed germination rate with GA₃ treatment was most effective at concentrations of 250 or 500 mg/L. With respect to mean germination time (MGT), mean daily germination, and T₅₀ (days to reach 50% seed germination), the germination-promoting effect was improved as the concentration of GA₃ increased. Stem growth of seedlings was the highest following GA₃ treatments of 250 and 500 mg/L, and the growth promoting effect gradually decreased as the concentration of GA₃ decreased. Root growth was stimulated at GA₃ concentrations of 250-1,000 mg/L. Examination of the effect of stratification treatment for 15, 30 and 60 days at temperatures of 0, 5 and 10℃ on the germination rate revealed that the most stratification treatment temperature was 10℃, and the results improved with longer treatment periods. Altogether, GA₃ and stratification treatments improved the seed germination rate, shortened the MGT, improved germination uniformity, and produced healthy seedlings.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.33-37
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• 2014

Lychnis wilfordii (Regel) Maxim is a rare and valued ornamental plant. Germination rate reached 46.6% when seeds were treated with $100mg{\cdot}l^{-1}$ GA (Gibberellic acid). The highest callus induction was observed in the leaf explants of the seedlings on MS medium containing specific concentrations of $0.5mg{\cdot}l^{-1}$ BA ($N^6$-benzyladenine) and $3.0mg{\cdot}l^{-1}$ NAA (a-naphthalene acetic acid). The adventitious shoot was formed in 97.3% of calli on 1/2 WPM (Woody Plant Medium) medium. Shoot elongation of in vitro propagated plantlets was no difference among various medium. The plantlets grew well after transferring to the pot. This in vitro propagation protocol should be useful for conservation of this endangered plant.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.95-99
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• 2003

The leaf segments of garlic (Allium sativum L.) were cultured in vitro and determined optimal concentration of plant growth regulators and sugars for callus induction, multiple shoots regeneration and in vitro bulblet formation. Highest yield of callus was observed in the leaf segment culture on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D, 30 g/L sucrose and 8 g/L agar. Regeneration rate of multiple shoots from callus was high in the MS medium supplemented with kinetin 3.0 + NAA 3.0 mg/L or SA 1.0 + NAA 3.0 mg/L, containing 30 g/L sucrose. High rate of bulblet formation was observed as the concentration of jasmonic acid increased from 0.5 to 2.0 mg/L in medium, whereas addition of gibberellic acid significantly suppressed bulblet formation. The rate of in vitro bulbing was as high as $96\%$ in MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L jasmonic acid and 120 g/l sucrose after two month culture at $25{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ under 16 hours day light.