• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.209-212
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• 2007

This study was performed to establish the early pregnancy diagnosis with evaluation of size of embryonic vesicles and change of crown-rump length (CRL) by transrectal ultrasonography in the Korean black goats. Early pregnancy diagnosis was performed in the 114 goats from 19 to 35 days after coitus by transrectal 5.0 MHz transducer. Embryonic vesicles and CRL in the 142 goats from 19 to 42 days was measured to establish the correlation between gestational age and these parameters. The early pregnancy diagnosis achieved 80% accuracy after days 25 and 100% accuracy after days 28 after breeding. Diameters of embryonic vesicle and CRL were significantly increased with the gestational age. In these facts, early pregnancy diagnosis is possible on Days 25 after breeding and measurement of embryonic vesicles and CRL were useful to predict the gestational age in Korean black goat.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.182-188
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• 1999

A study was conducted on a group of 107 women, attending the three peripheral community clinics in Seoul and Kyunggi area for their prenatal care, to ascertain the relationship between maternal serum zinc concentration measured in pregnancy and several pregnancy outcomes. The serum zinc concentration was adjusted for estimated gestational age at the time of drawing blood. Mean daily zinc intake of the pregnant women estimated by a 24-hour recall method was 7.68$\pm$3.70$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl, 51% of RDA. and mean serum zinc concentration of the women was 94.03$\pm$36.99ug/dl. Adjusted maternal serum zinc level was significantly related to gestational maternal weight gain(p<0.05) and infant birth weight(p<0.05). Pregnant women with tgreater than 9kg weight gain during the gestation period had higher adjusted serum zinc levels than the subjects with less than 8kg weight gain. Adjusted serum zinc levels of mothers who delivered 3.0-3.5kg and greater than 4.0kg birth-weight infants were higher than those of mothers of low-birth-weight infants. Any association between maternal serum zinc level and gestational length, complications and morning sickness was not observed. There results suggest that the maternal serum zinc level may predict perhaps the author could be none specific.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.225-231
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• 1997

Thirteen healthy control, 13 pre-eclamptic, 7 diabetic(DM) and 12 gestational diabetic(GDM) pregnant women participated in a study ofthe interrelationships between the levels of protein, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc and copper in urine. Urinary protein, magnesium and copper levels were significantly higher (p<0.0005, p<0.0003, p<0.005 respectively) in pre-eclamptic women than those of control, DM and GDM women. Urinary zinc excretion in pre-eclamptic women (1.61 mg/g creatinine) was higher than that of DM women (0.81mg/g creatinine); urinary zinc losses of control and GDM women were wre between the other two rups. The GDM women excreted significantly ore phosphorus in their urine in comparison to control and preeclamptic women (p<0.02), but this was not seen in DM women. Among the DM women, urinary protein excretion was positively correlated with glycosylated hemoglobin(r=0.940) and fasting blood glucose concentration (r=0.889). Urinary zinc excretion also was correlated with glycosylated hemoglobin (r=0.853) and fasting blood glucose (r=0.956). In the GDM and pre-eclamptic women there were also significant correlations between urinar calcium and magnesium (r=0.857, r=0.749 respectively) and between urinary protein and copper(r=0.638, r=0.778 respectively).

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.136-145
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• 2017

Objectives: The aim of this study was to report a case of 43 year-old patient, diagnosed with missed abortion who previously failed to do spontaneous gestational sac expulsion in spite of 2 week-expectant-method, eventually succeeded with Traditional Korean Herb Medicine (TKHM) treatment only. Methods: In transabdominal sonography, gestational sac was not present at week 8. Due to the possibility of effect of medication on future pregnancy and post-surgery complications, D&C (Dilation & Curettage) as well as any other treatment was not done. Instead, she presented to our clinic. A combination of 2 main TKHMs was prescribed with 120-150 cc/dose (2 times per day for a week) : Gunggi-tang for helping expulsion of the dead fetus and placenta, and Wooseul-tang for treating retained placenta. Results: On day 6 of TKHM treatment, initiation of placenta expulsion was done. From day 8, hemorrhage started, lasting for 6 days. On day 10, placenta was expelled. On day 13, gestational sac and placenta were completely expelled. No infection, delayed bleeding, or pain was observed. After bleeding stopped, menorrhea started from week 7. Conclusions: This report implies a potential of TKHM as an optional and safe medication for the natural expulsion of conceptus in missed abortion.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2021

Purpose: To evaluate the risk factors and effects of fluctuations in oxygen saturation on the occurrence and severity of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Methods: From January 1, 2013 to January 31, 2020, 260 patients hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit of Ajou University Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Sixty-six patients (25%) were diagnosed with ROP; of them 39 required treatment. In the multivariate regression analysis of ROP severity, the odds ratio (OR) of gestational age was 0.32 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.22 to 0.47; P<0.0001). The OR of saturation of peripheral oxygen (SpO₂) fluctuations at the 4th week after birth was 1.02 (95% CI, 1.02 to 1.12; P=0.041). Conclusion: SpO₂ fluctuations in premature infants younger than 30 weeks' gestational age affects ROP severity, especially at the 4th week of life.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.64 no.10
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• pp.538-542
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• 2021

Background: The relationship between small for gestational age (SGA) and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) remains unknown. Purpose: This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the relationship between SGA and the risk of ASD. Methods: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases from inception to November 2020. The heterogeneity across studies was explored using the I² statistic. The possibility of publication bias was assessed using Begg test. The results were reported using the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) using a random-effects model. Results: The literature search yielded 824 articles with 8,752,138 participants. We assessed the association between SGA and the risk of ASD in cohort and case-control studies. Based on the random-effects model, compared with SGA, the estimated OR of the risk of ASD was 1.17 (95% CI, 1.09-1.24). Therefore, there was a significant association between SGA and the risk of ASD. Conclusion: Based on OR reports in epidemiological studies, we showed that SGA is a risk factor for and can increase the risk of ASD. The association between SGA and ASD risk has further relevance to the current public health emphasis on appropriate prepregnancy weight and pregnancy weight gain.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.274-284
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects and characteristics of health care programs for pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in Korea. Methods: This study was conducted according to the Cochrane Collaboration's systematic literature review handbook and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses reporting guideline. We searched eight international and domestic electronic databases for relevant studies. Two reviewers independently selected the studies and extracted data. For each study, information on the research method, participants, characteristics of the program, and results were extracted using a previously established coding table. The National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency's risk of bias assessment tool for non-randomized studies was used to assess the risk of bias of the included articles. A qualitative review of the selected studies was performed because the interventions differed considerably and the measured outcomes varied. Results: Out of 128 initially identified papers, seven were included in the final analysis. The risk of bias was evaluated as generally low. Health care programs for pregnant women with GDM showed positive effects on blood glucose control. Anxiety and depression were reduced, and self-management and self-care behavior, self-efficacy, and maternal identity improved. Conclusion: Our study provides clinical evidence for the effectiveness of health care programs for pregnant women with GDM, and its results can be used to support the development of health care programs for GDM. More well-designed research is needed on GDM, especially studies that deal with emotional stress and apply a family-oriented approach.

• CELLMED
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.12.1-12.5
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• 2021

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has become one of the major public health problems for both mothers and children globally. Internationally, the frequency of excess weight and obesity has risen dramatically in women of childbearing age. There seems to be a greater risk of having GDM in overweight or obese women, resulting in problems during pregnancy, birth and neonatal development. Hospital management is a problem for obese pregnant females with GDM and places extra burdens on the healthcare sector. GDM can result in possible risks to the wellbeing of the mother, fetus, and infant, as well as clinically significant negative effects on the mental health of the mother. For females and their developing babies, diabetes may cause problems during pregnancy. Unsatisfactory diabetes control enhances the risk of complications and other birth related issues during pregnancy. It may also cause a woman to suffer severe complications. Numerous maternal and fetal effects are associated with GDM and multiple detection and management methods are also pursued globally in order to reduce the burden of health. An overview of gestational diabetes treatment is given in this review.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.358-367
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to identify factors associated with diabetes management self-efficacy in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in Korea. Methods: A total of 173 pregnant women with GDM in Korea were recruited by posting announcements at two Korean online communities focusing on pregnancy and GDM. Participants completed a structured online survey from July to September 2018. Thirteen inappropriate responses were excluded and a total of 160 questionnaires were used in the final analysis. Descriptive statistics were calculated and multiple regression with the enter method was done to identify the associations of depressive mood, anxiety, emotional intelligence, and sleep quality with diabetes management self-efficacy. Results: Respondents reported a moderately depressive mood (mean, 10.36), low to moderate anxiety (mean, 41.65), above-average emotional intelligence (mean, 78.04), moderate sleep quality (mean, 42.01), and above-average diabetes management self-efficacy (mean, 52.29). The major factor associated with diabetes management self-efficacy of pregnant women with GDM was emotional intelligence (β=.51, p<.001). Other factors, in descending order of influence, were sleep quality (β=.22, p<.001) and exercise (β=.18, p=.004). Taken together, the aforementioned factors explained 34.6% (F=39.53, p<.001) of the total variance. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that to improve the diabetes management self-efficacy of pregnant women with GDM, it is necessary to develop an education program that can also enhance emotional intelligence, sleep quality, and exercise.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.31-31
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• 2003

The incidence of reproductive abnormalities in the male has been reported to have increased during the past 50 years. These changes may be attributable to the presence of chemical with oestrogenic activity in our environment. Present study was carried out to determine the effects of maternal exposure to xenoestrogens on the testicular development and on the transcriptional expression of the steroidogenic enzyme and subunits of inhibin/activin in testis of male offspring. Pregnant female mice were administrated with 4-tert-octylphenol (OP; 2, 20, 200mg/kg), Bisphenol A (BPA; 2, 20, 200$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg), $\beta$-estradiol 17-valerate (EV; 2$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg) or vehicle (CV; corn oil) during gestational days 11 to 17. Offsprings were sacrificed on gestational day 18 (fetal 18) and neonatal day 7. Body weights were significantly increased in groups treated with all doses of OP and BPA. Maximum seminiferous tubules diameter on gestational day 18 were not changed in any treatment group, however, they were significantly increased on the neonatal day 7 in the group treated with low-dose of OP (2 mg/kg) and BPA (2 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg). Increased expression of the P450$_{17a}$-hydroxylase dehydrogenase (P450$_{17a}$), 3$\beta$-hydroxylase dehydrogenase (3$\beta$-HSD), and 17$\beta$-hydroxylase dehydrogenase (17$\beta$-HSD) on gestational day 18 were observed in the groups treated with 2 or 20 mg/kg of OP. However, expression of the steroidogenic enzymes were not changed in the groups treated with all the doses of BPA. In contrast with the results from fetal testis, no expressional changes of these enzymes was found in all the OP-treated group and increased expression of inhibin/activin $\beta$B subunit mRNA were obseued in the 200 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg BPA-treated group in the neonatal day 7. These results suggest that gestational exposure to low level of xenoestrogen causes a stimulatory effects on the transcriptional expressions of steroidogenic enzymes and subunits of inhibin/activin and on the seminiferous tubule development by their estrogen-like actions.ons.