• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2016

Infants born small for gestational age (SGA) are at increased risk of perinatal morbidity, persistent short stature, and metabolic alterations in later life. Recent studies have focused on the association between birth weight (BW) and later body composition. Some reports suggest that fetal nutrition, as reflected by BW, may have an inverse programing effect on abdominal adiposity later in life. This inverse association between BW and abdominal adiposity in adults may contribute to insulin resistance. Rapid weight gain during infancy in SGA children seemed to be associated with increased fat mass rather than lean mass. Early catch-up growth after SGA birth rather than SGA itself has been noted as a cardiovascular risk factor in later life. Children who are born SGA also have a predisposition to accumulation of fat mass, particularly intra-abdominal fat. It is not yet clear whether this predisposition is due to low BW itself, rapid postnatal catch-up growth, or a combination of both. In this report, we review the published literature on central fat accumulation and metabolic consequences of being SGA, as well as the currently popular research area of SGA, including growth aspects.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.158-164
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• 2001

The present study was conducted to investigate physical characteristics, food habits of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellites(GDM). The subjects were consecutive pregnant women, 21 GDM and 43 non-GDM controls who received antenatal care at the Obstetrics and Gynecology clinic. There were no significant difference in the mean age between the two groups(GDM:30.8years, non-GDM:30.5years). Significant differences were observed in several anthropometric characteristics such as height(GDM:159.7cm, non-GDM:162.3cm), prepregnancy weight(GDM:61.6kg, non-GDM:54.1kg), body mass index(GDM:23.9kg/$m^2$, non-GDM:20.5kg/$m^2$), and triceps skin fold thicknesses(GDM:30.9mm, non-GDM:24.7mm) between the two groups. The GDM group had an high incidence of(52.4%) family history of diabetes mellitus than those of control group(23.3%). In the GDM group, more irregularities of meals and more bed-time snacking were observed than those of control group. The intake amount of carbohydrates as well as the total energy were significantly higher in the GDM group when thery were compared with the control. These results suggest that the GDM women in Korea do exhibit clearly distinctive anthropometric and dietary characteristics. Nutritional management such as weight control before conception and throughout pregnancy, monitoring total energy and carbohydrate intakes, and implementing more rigorous meal scheduling might be beneficial for the prevention or reduction of the prevalence of the GDM or its complications. (Korean J nutrition 34(2):158~164, 2001)

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.239-243
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• 2012

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a complex metabolic disorder of pregnancy that is suspected to have a strong genetic predisposition. It is associated with poor perinatal outcome, and both GDM women and their offspring are at increased risk of future development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). During the past several years, there has been progress in finding the genetic risk factors of GDM in relation to T2DM. Some of the genetic variants that were proven to be significantly associated with T2DM are also genetic risk factors of GDM. Recently, a genome-wide association study of GDM was performed and reported that genetic variants in CDKAL1 and MTNR1B were associated with GDM at a genome-wide significance level. Current investigations using next-generation sequencing will improve our insight into the pathophysiology of GDM. It would be important to know whether genetic information revealed from these studies could improve our prediction of GDM and the future development of T2DM. We hope further research on the genetics of GDM would ultimately lead us to personalized genomic medicine and improved patient care.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.99-108
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among emotional clarity in emotional intelligence, maternal identity, and fetal attachment to measure how emotional clarity and maternal identity impact on fetal attachment and to determine mediating effects of maternal identity in pregnant women at the time of diagnosis with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods: This study used a correlational survey design. 88 pregnant women with GDM completed a study questionnaire of emotional clarity, maternal identity, and fetal attachment immediately after the diagnosis of GDM. Data were analyzed Mann-Whitney U test, and ANOVA with Duncan test, Pearson correlation, three-step regressions to test mediating effect, and Sobel test. Results: The emotional clarity was positively related with maternal identity and fetal attachment. It affected maternal identity with 21.9% of explained variance. The emotional clarity and the maternal identity were significant predictors of fetal attachment by 57.7% of explained variance. The maternal identity mediated the relationship between emotional clarity and fetal attachment. Conclusion: The results suggest that a nursing program to enhance the emotional clarity and the maternal identity needs to be developed as an effective strategy to improve fetal attachment.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.57 no.9
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• pp.379-383
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• 2014

Recombinant growth hormone (GH) is an effective treatment for short children who are born small for gestational age (SGA). Short children born SGA who fail to demonstrate catch-up growth by 2-4 years of age are candidates for GH treatment initiated to achieve catch-up growth to a normal height in early childhood, maintain a normal height gain throughout childhood, and achieve an adult height within the normal target range. GH treatment at a dose of $35-70{\mu}g/kg/day$ should be considered for those with very marked growth retardation, as these patients require rapid catch-up growth. Factors associated with response to GH treatment during the initial 2-3 years of therapy include age and height standard deviation scores at the start of therapy, midparental height, and GH dose. Adverse events due to GH treatment are no more common in the SGA population than in other conditions treated with GH. Early surveillance in growth clinics is strongly recommended for children born SGA who have not caught up. Although high dose of up to 0.067 mg/kg/day are relatively safe for short children with growth failure, clinicians need to remain aware of long-term mortality and morbidity after GH treatment.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.531-538
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• 2020

Purpose: Our aim was the longitudinal assessment of cyst size in fetuses with biliary cystic malformation (BCM) to explore its etiology and the possibility of antenatal differentiation between biliary atresia (BA) and congenital biliary dilatation (CBD). Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of all patients diagnosed antenatally with BCM from 1994 to 2014 at our institutions. Results: The study cohort comprised of three patients with BA and six with CBD. There were no significant differences in the gestational age and cyst size at the first detection of BCM between the two groups. In fetuses with CBD, the cyst size steadily increased as the gestational age advanced, while it fluctuated around 1.5 cm and remained below 2.1 cm in those with BA. However, the ratio of cystic area to fetal trunk area was approximately constant due to linear fetal growth in fetuses with CBD. Conclusion: Fetuses with BCM <2.1 cm in the late gestation period were more likely to have BA than CBD. Our observation of cyst enlargement with advancing gestational age in the CBD group was attributed solely to fetal growth. Biliary dilatation in fetuses with CBD and BA might be completed at the onset of BCM.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.25-35
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to determine the fatigue, self-esteem, and depression of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (G-DM), and to reveal associated factors of depression. Methods: As a descriptive correlation study, data was collected from 119 pregnant women with G-DM. Data was analysed using t-test, ANOVA, and stepwise multiple regression. Results: Fatigue, self-esteem, and depression averaged $2.09{\pm}.62$ (range of scale 1~4), $2.63{\pm}.32$ (range of scale 1~6), and $0.45{\pm}.25$ (range of scale 0~3), respectively. The depression varied with a statistical significance according to the age (p=.008), employment (p=.014), child (p=.034), and physical and psychological adjustment of pregnancy (p<.001). We also identified fatigue as the most influencing factor and the physical and psychological adjustment of pregnancy as the second most influencing factor, self-esteem as the third, age as the fourth, and child as the influencing factor on the G-DM women's depression. Conclusions: This research provided a valuable opportunity to recognize G-DM as a personal, and societal problem, which calls for relational support as well as personal support. The healthcare providers need to recognize the emotional aspects of the women with G-DM, and make various efforts to promote the physical and psychological health of the G-DM patients.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.302-310
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the rate of breastfeeding and factors which affect late preterm infants' (LPIs) breastfeeding according to gestational age. Methods: Participants were LPIs of 34 weeks (n=70), 35 weeks (n=75), and 36 weeks (n=88). Data were collected from July to December, 2011 from four university hospitals in D city. Descriptive statistics and odds ratio were used to compare three groups. Results: The rate of breastfeeding at 1 week after LPIs' discharge was 32.9%, 37.3%, 23.9% at 34, 35 and 36 weeks, respectively. The tendency to breastfeed in LPIs of 34 weeks was lower for LPIs born by Cesarean-section, while it was higher for LPIs with a longer period of breastfeeding during hospitalization and higher body weight at the first day of feeding. The prevalence of breastfeeding in LPIs of 35 weeks and 36 weeks was higher for infants with a history of more frequent breastfeeding during hospitalization. Conclusion: The rate of breastfeeding in LPIs of 36 weeks was the lowest. This study suggests that nurses should give more customized education to mothers with LPIs of 36 weeks during their stay in hospitals.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.17-28
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• 2016

Purpose: This study aimed to identify patterns of diagnosis and to explore risk factors for type 2 diabetes beyond the postpartum period in women with a previous history of gestational diabetes, and to identify differences in such risk factors between early and late-onset (aged <45 and ${\geq}45$). Methods: Using epidemiological data from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study, a retrospective analysis of 175 women with various timings of type 2 diabetes diagnosis was performed. Results: The average age ($42.6{\pm}10.6$) at type 2 diabetes diagnosis was earlier than the general population, and obesity was prevalent with marked weight gains around 35 years old. Longer duration of breastfeeding was observed in women with late-onset of type 2 diabetes. Conclusion: For prevention of type 2 diabetes, early intervention is required, and modifiable factors such as weight control and breastfeeding should be taken into consideration for intervention strategies.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.58-65
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• 1996

This study examined characteristics among 131 infants who were born at three hospitals affiliated with Catholic University. Those infants were very low birth weight infants (VLBWI ). Data were gathered through review of medical records between 1990 to 1993. The results were as follows : 1. Regarding the birth weight, 72.6％ were between 1000 gm to 1500 gm and 27.4% were below 1000gm. Of the VLBWI, 27.5% had gestational age of 29-30 weeks and 22. lof had gestational age of 26 weeks and below. The birth weight of them was significantly correlated with their gestational age. 2. Most of VLBWI had been hospitalized for more than 30 days and particulaly those who were between 1100-1400gm had been hospitalized more than 60 days. And the number of clinical problem was the most influencing factor on their discharge. 3. Of the VLBWI, 28.2% were given gavage feeding. 4. Jaundice appeared predominantly on the 3rd day after birth ,with 64.1％ of incidence rate. Of those infants developed jaundice, 92.9% received phototherapy 5. The most common problem after birth was respiratory conditions. And oxygen therapy was administered for 93.9% of the VLBWI while they were in the hospital.