• 정보학연구
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.11-32
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• 2003

독일의 무역제도는 독일 대외경제법과 대외경제법 시행령을 근간으로 하여 이루어지고 있는데 EU의 지침에 영향을 받고 있다. 독일의 전자무역과 관련한 시스템 구축여건은 아직 열악한 상황에 있다. 이것은 독일의 전자무역시스템 구축이 EU 역내 회원국들의 전자무역시스템 구축과 연관되어 있기 때문에 발생하는 문제라고 본다. 그렇지만 현재로서는 전자무역 시스템 구축을 위한 노력이 다각적으로 이루어지고 있기 때문에 우려할 문제는 아니라고 본다. 독일의 전자무역 관련 법제는 EU와 연계되어 제정 또는 개정되고 있는 실정이다. 그러므로 우리나라가 독일과의 교역을 증대시키기 위해서는 독일 무역시장에 대한 다각적이고도 체계적인 연구를 하여 독일과 직접 전자무역을 하거나 계획을 갖고 있는 관계자들에게 정보를 제공하여 이해를 증진시킬 때 그 효과가 극대화 할 것이라고 본다.

• 한국비블리아학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.97-126
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• 2002

신의주를 홍콩과 같은 경제특구로, 개성을 산업단지로 지정하여 서방. 자본주의를 점진적으로 수용할 자세를 취하고 있는 북한의 변화는 매우 급속도로 진행되고 있다. 우리는 김일성의 사망후 갑자기 통일의 기운이 감돌았던 정치적 변화를 잊지 않고 있다. 그러나 지금의 분위기는 그때와는 사뭇 다르고, 그동안 남북한간의 다양한 문화교류도 성사되었다. 분단국가에서 통일을 이룬 독일을 통해 그들이 도서관 문제를 어떻게 풀어나갔는가를 고찰함으로서 우리가 통일을 대비하여 우리의 도서관문제. 특히 공공도서관 문제를 접근하는데 참고가 되고자 함이다. 동독은 그들이 자랑하는 공공도서관시스템이 통일과 함께 와해되는 위기를 맞았고, 서독의 공공도서관시스템으로 흡수되었다. 서로 다른 체제의 공공도서관시스템이 어떻게 조화를 이루어 궁극적인 이용자봉사를 최대화하는가는 우리에게 시사하는 점이 많을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국디자인학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국디자인학회 1998년도 제6회 1998 봄 학술연구발표대회 개요 집 디자인 학 연구
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• pp.3-4
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• 1998

• STI Policy Review
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.130-151
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• 2012

Fraunhofer was founded in 1949 and grew into Europe's largest application-oriented research organization. Fraunhofer currently employs over 20,000 members in Germany, is internationally networked, and manages an R&D budget of over 1,8 Billion Euros per year. An important step for Fraunhofer to become an integral component of the German innovation system was the introduction of the Fraunhofer Model of financing based on a performance-related system of financial management. The underlying model of the allocation and distribution of public funding to Fraunhofer that is subsequently allotted to specific research groups is one of the success factors of Fraunhofer. Fraunhofer is proud of its decentralized organizational model. Fraunhofer is comprised of 60 Institutes in Germany working in different fields, under one legal framework, and with a strong brand value. Every Fraunhofer Institute is affiliated with a German University and every institute director simultaneously holds a chair at the affiliated university. It is a challenge for the headquarter organization to balance the intended competition of individual Fraunhofer Institutes with complementarity cooperation in science among Fraunhofer-Institutes, especially when coming from different knowledge domains; however, this goal results in a significant advantage. The unique strengths of Fraunhofer offer system solutions in a world with increasingly complex R&D challenges. While growing to become the largest organization on Europe to focus on applied research it is the challenge to remain an agile organization that is flexible in organizational structure. Fraunhofer has reached a well-recognized position in the European innovation landscape. It is often referred to by science and governments as a role model for innovation policy and a key element of the latest successes in the German economy that has recovered quicker from the latest economic crisis than most other western economies. The paper explains Fraunhofer as an organizational paradigm and its underlying management model to elaborate on the challenges of managing a research organization. We wish to show how it is possible to transfer the management model and philosophy of Fraunhofer to innovation systems with different framework conditions and challenges. A universal conclusion may be drawn based on the description of Fraunhofer; however, changes in existing structures and innovation systems cannot be implemented over night.

• 기록학연구
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• 제14호
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• pp.359-388
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• 2006

본 논문은 1881년 독일 프로이센의 국립 비밀 아카이브의 보존 기록 정리를 위한 규정에서 제정된 출처주의/원질서 원칙이 일정 부분 18세기 후반부터 시작되어 19세기 중반에 정립된 역사주의 실증사학의 학문적 목적과 방법에 근원하고 있음을 밝히고 있다. 총체적 유기적 관계에 놓인 민족을 단위로 하는 역사의 개별성을 확인하고 실현하는 것을 목적으로 하는 역사주의는 실증사학의 연구 방법에서 이론적 토대를 얻었다. 이러한 실증사학 전통은 기록 관리의 체계적인 제도를 구축하는데 크게 이바지 하였다. 역사 사실의 상호 유기적인 관계의 입체성을 실증적으로 인식하게 해주는 출처주의/원질서 원칙의 정립은 그 귀결이었다. 이에 대한 역사적 설명을 위해 필자는 랑케로 대변되는 역사주의 실증사학의 내용과 그 정립과정 그리고 랑케의 제자인지벨과 그의 제자인 레만의 프로이센 국립 비밀 아카이브에서의 활동을 분석 서술하였다.

• 한국문헌정보학회지
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• 제19권
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• pp.113-149
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• 1990

The RAK has in general adopted the provisions of the paris principles to a far greater extent than many other cataloguing codes. And the analyses confirm that the determination of the main entries in German cataloging rules is a rather complex process and one which can result in inconsistent, arbitrary decisions. And the selection of the main entry requires a considerable amount of decision making which is time-consuming and costly. From the point of view of computers, all entries are equal as points of retrieval. In light of the above considerations the most important recommendation to be made is that the main entry principle be abandoned from cataloging theory and practice and be replaced by the title entry. It would eliminate the need for personal judgments required by the present rule. In so doing, it would bring uniformity and Standardization to cataloging practice. Use of the title entry would reduce the time and effort spent on the selection of the main entry which serves no important purpose in the catalog. Therefore title entry is more developed finding device than author entry in direct approach for document retrieval.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.280-287
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• 2015

The German Guidelines for stainless steel in buildings (Z.30.3-6) issued by the German Institute for Building Technology (DIBt) categorizevarious stainless steel grades into five corrosion resistance classes (CRCs). Only 21 frequently used grades are approved and assigned to these CRCs. To assign new or less commonly used materials, a large program of outdoor exposure tests and laboratory tests is required. The present paper shows theresults of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) tests that can distinguish between different CRCs. Slow strain rate tests (SSRT) were performedin various media and at different temperatures. CRC IV could be distinguished from CRC II and CRC III with a 31.3 % $Cl^-$ as $MgCl_2$ solutionat $140^{\circ}C$. CRC II and CRC III could be differentiated by testing in a 30% $Cl^-$ as $MgCl_2$ solutionat $100^{\circ}C$.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.63-69
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• 1995

Cockroach antigen have been known as a cause of allergic disease. German ockroach(Blattella germanica L.) was chosen because it has the highest distribution range and poulation density. To identify the common and specific antigens of adult and larval stage of german cockroach, we made monoclonal antibodies which were confirmen by SDS-PAGE and EITB. Anti-B. germanica antibody producing hybridomas were 24 among the total 960wells. Only 4 hybridomas did not have cross reaction to other species of cockroach and hluse dust mites(Dermatophagodies farinae and D. pteronyssius). SDS-PAGE revealed about 20 bands from 90Kd to 15Kd to 15Kd. ETB showed specific antigens a6 60, 72 and 82Kd which were experimented by the culture supernatant of 4 selected hybridomas. Especially 60Kd coincided with a band of immunized mouse sera.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.7-7
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• 1995

Cockroach antigen have been known as a cause of allergic disease. German ockroach(Blattella germanica L.) was chosen because it has the highest distribution range and poulation density. To identify the common and specific antigens of adult and larval stage of german cockroach, we made monoclonal antibodies which were confirmen by SDS-PAGE and EITB. Anti-B. germanica antibody producing hybridomas were 24 among the total 960wells. Only 4 hybridomas did not have cross reaction to other species of cockroach and hluse dust mites(Dermatophagodies farinae and D. pteronyssius). SDS-PAGE revealed about 20 bands from 90Kd to 15Kd to 15Kd. ETB showed specific antigens a6 60, 72 and 82Kd which were experimented by the culture supernatant of 4 selected hybridomas. Especially 60Kd coincided with a band of immunized mouse sera.

• Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.69-91
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• 2014

Numerical investigations are presented, which show that a back-flow flap can improve the dynamic stall characteristics of oscillating airfoils. The flap was able to weaken the stall vortex and therefore to reduce the peak in the pitching moment. This paper gives a brief insight into the method of function of a back-flow flap. Initial wind tunnel experiments were performed to define the structural requirements for a detailed experimental wind tunnel characterization. A structural integration concept and two different actuation mechanisms of a back-flow flap for a helicopter rotor blade are presented. First a piezoelectric actuation system was investigated, but the analytical model to estimate the performance showed that the displacement generated is too low to enable reliable operation. The seond actuation mechanism is based on magnetic forces to generate an impulse that initiates the opening of the flap. A concept based on two permanent magnets is further detailed and characterized, and this mechanism is shown to generate sufficient impulse for reliable operation in the wind tunnel.