• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 2015

Most of the wheat germ in cereal grains is removed during the milling process. Various physiological effects have been reported for bioactive substances in wheat germ such as phenolic acids and flavonoids. In this study, the antioxidant and anti-adipogenic effects of ethanol extracts from wheat germ (WGE) and wheat germ fermented with Aspergillus oryzae (F-WGE) were investigated in HepG2 and 3T3-L1 cells. The anti-oxidant activity of F-WGE was demonstrated by a dose-dependent increase in the enhanced scavenging capacity of hydroxyl radicals and $Cu^{2+}$-chelating activity compared to WGE. WGE and F-WGE treatment at doses between 10 and $400{\mu}g/mL$ did not affect the viability of HepG2 and 3T3-L1 cells. Intracellular ROS levels from $Cu^{2+}$-induced oxidative stress were significantly decreased by F-WGE treatment in HepG2 cells compared to WGE. Lipid accumulation was increased in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by $100{\mu}M$ $Fe^{2+}$ treatment, but the accumulation was strongly inhibited by $100{\mu}g/mL$ of WGE and F-WGE treatment. These results suggest that changes in bioactive substances during the fermentation of wheat germ can potentiate scavenging activities against transition metal-induced oxidative stress and lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Therefore, we propose that F-WGE is a novel food materials and provided scientific evidences for its efficacy in the development of functional foods.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.597-604
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• 2006

In order to extend the shelf-life of packaged or coated foods, an antibacterial edible film containing 1.8% of BLS was developed from the defatted corn germ meal, which had been fermented with Bacillus subtilis under the optimum condition of pH 7.0-7.5 and $33^{\circ}C$ for 33 h. Water vapor permeability of the fermented film $(88.3mg/cm^2\;h)$ was higher than those of the normal corn germ films $(75.8mg/cm^2\;h)$. Protein solubility of the fermented film was also higher than ordinary corn germ film at the pH range of 3-10. The fermented corn germ film had higher tensile strength and lower % elongation (elongation rate) than the ordinary corn germ film. The antimicrobial activity of the film was more than 50% of the maximum activity after film production with heat treatment at $90^{\circ}C$ and pH adjustment to 9. When the corn germ protein film with bacteriocin-like substance was applied on the mashed sausage media containing E. coli, the bacterial growth inhibition was higher than the ordinary corn protein film.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.223-227
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• 1999

Pre-penetration behavior of Boytryosphaeria dothidea on apple fruits was investigated with scanning electron microscopy. Once conidia were deposited on the fruit surface, they germainted and produced germ tubes from one or both ends of the conidia. Germ tubes grew over the fruit surface and entered the fruits through lenticels or surface cracks formed naturally. Germ tubes of the fungus also appeared to penetrated the fruits directly with or without forming appressoria. Globose appressoria were frequently formed at the tip of germ tubes on the fruit surface, where no lenticels or surface cracks were found. The conidia collapsed and became flattened to the fruit surface after appressorial formation. Cuticles of fruit surface underneath appressoria and tips of some germ tubes were evidently altered, indicating possibility of direct penetration of the fungus by enzymatic degradation of the cuticle layers. This the first report on the formation of appressoria by B. dothidea.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.178-179
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• 2003

The testis is composed of four cell types like supporting cells, steroid-producing cells, connective tissue cells and germ cells. Apoptosis is a common phenomenon during spormatogenesis. Apoptosis of germ cells can also be induced by exposure to radiation. Previous studies have shown that most types of germ cells are rather radiosensitive while somatic cells in testis are much more radio-resistant. The somatic cells in testis are divided to mainly Sertoli and Leydig cells. Though somatic cells are more radio-resistant than germ cells, radiation can induce the impairment of their function. This damaged function of somatic cells may accelerates degeneration of germ cell indirectly. Tn the present study, we have examined the apoptotic effect of mouse testis and irradiation effect of steroidogenesis of Leydig cells after irradiation.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.35-41
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• 2006

At the moment, a lot of interest in the research on Gnotobiotic Pigs are increasing in order to produce alternative human organs. So, it is very important to design and build proper housing facilities for Germ Free Pigs. Among the design issues related to Gnotobiotic Pigs' farms, circulation system takes a high position because it carries an important role in keeping the pig's housing environment aseptic. Considering those, this study aims to propose the guidelines for the design of circulation system in Germ Free Pig's facilities. The results of this study are as follows. At first, functional areas of Germ Free Pigs' facilities have been divided into three categories according to the clean level; aseptic area, semi-aseptic area, and non-aseptic area. Secondly, the basic principles of circulation system have been proposed. Finally, circulation system of Gnotobiotic Pigs' facility has been explored as a form of diagram according to the circulating subjects. These include human circulation, pig's circulation, and goods' circulation. This study has some limitations in that it is transcendent and lacks empirical evidence. Despite of some weaknesses, it is expected to give some useful guidelines for the design of circulation system in Germ Free Pigs' facilities.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.21-21
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• 2003

Male germ cell apoptosis has been extensively explored in rodent. In contrast, very little is known about their susceptibility to apoptosis stimuli of developing germ cell stages at the time when germ cell depletion after busulfan treatment occurs. Furthermore, it is still unanswered how spermatogonial stem cells are resistant to busulfan treatment. We examined the change of gene expression in detail using cDNA microarray analysis of mouse testis treated with busulfan. A subtoxic dose of busulfan (40mg/kg of body weight) transiently increased 228 mRNA levels among of the 8000 genes analyzed. TagMan analysis confirmed that the mRNA levels such as defensive protein, support protein, enzymatic protein, transport protein, and hormonal protein were rapidly increased. These results were re-confirmed by real-time PCR analysis. However, the expression levels of these genes induced by busulfan treatment were significantly reduced in control testis, indicating that both of male germ cells and somatic cells after busulfan treatment induces self-defense mechanism for protection of testicular cell death. Among them, we conclude that defense proteins play a key role in testis injury induced by busulfan.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.67-73
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the supplementary effects of the rice germ oil compared with soy bean oil on blood glucose level of non-insulin dependent diabetic mice. Forty diabetic KK mice were fed two kinds of experimental diets with 20% lipid from soy bean oil as a control(CO) and rice germ oil(RG) for 8 weeks, respectively. Diet intake, body weight, organs weights and lipids levels of serum, liver and feces were measured. There was no significant difference in food and water intake, body weight gain and organs weights between experimental groups. The concentrations of fasting and random blood glucose were similar between CO and RG groups. There was no significant difference in blood glucose levels after glucose treatment during the glucose tolerance test between two groups. The levels of $HbA_{1c}$ as the index of blood glucose status, and insulin were similar in two groups. These results suggested that rice germ oil can't reduce blood glucose concentration of non-insulin dependent diabetic mice compared with soybean oil. But we need to investigate the hypoglycemic effect of rice germ oil by changing supplementary level and period.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.62-69
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidative and physical properties of finger food type rice snacks and pumpkin rice snacks for infants aged 6 to 12 months old. The addition of rice germ did not affect density or porosity, and there was no significant difference when compared with commercial products. The addition of rice germ to the rice snack group did not reduce the longitudinal expansion quality of the rice snack. The WAI of RW and SW values were 9.83 and 8.93, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of other samples (p<0.05). The results of this study show that the addition of rice germ to rice snack resulted in reduced density and porosity of rice snacks and maintenance of a high water absorption index, which are more desirable characteristics for products. The products with rice germ showed significantly higher antioxidative activities among all samples (p<0.05).

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2009

By screening C. elegans mutants for severe defects in germline proliferation, we isolated a new loss-of-function allele of cdc-25.1, bn115. bn115 and another previously identified loss-of-function allele nr2036 do not exhibit noticeable cell division defects in the somatic tissues but have reduced numbers of germ cells and are sterile, indicating that cdc-25.1 functions predominantly in the germ line during postembryonic development, and that cdc-25.1 activity is probably not required in somatic lineages during larval development. We analyzed cell division of germ cells and somatic tissues in bn115 homozygotes with germline-specific anti-PGL-1 immunofluorescence and GFP transgenes that express in intestinal cells, in distal tip cells, and in gonadal sheath cells, respectively. We also analyzed the expression pattern of cdc-25.1 with conventional and quantitative RT-PCR. In the presence of three other family members of cdc-25.1 in C. elegans, defects are observed only in the germ line but not in the somatic tissues in cdc-25.1 single mutants, and cdc-25.1 is expressed predominantly, if not exclusively, in the germ line during postembryonic stages. Our findings indicate that the function of cdc-25.1 is unique in the germ line but likely redundant with other members in the soma.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.77-81
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• 1998

Rice germ oils were extracted from common and dried rice germ $(80^{\circ}C,\;6\;hr)$, and their oxidative stabilities were evaluated by measuring acid value, peroxide value and fatty acid composition during storage at $40^{\circ}C\;and\;60^{\circ}C$. The acid values of all lipids were slightly changed during storage, but peroxide values (POV) were greatly dependent on storage temperature. The POVs of the dried germ oil and the refined rice bran oil were 146.2 meq/kg and 15.1 meq/kg, respectively after 31 days storage at $40^{\circ}C$. However after 24 days of storage at $60^{\circ}C$, the POVs of the dried germ oil and the refined rice bran oil were 151.7 meq/kg oil and 219.6 meq/kg oil, respectively. Major fatty acids were linoleic (39.8%) and oleic acid (34.7%) in rice germ oil, and oleic (40.1%) and linoleic acid (38.1%) in rice bran oil. The major fatty acid compositions were not greatly influenced by drying and storage temperature but linoleic acid decreased about half during storage.