• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.19-35
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• 2018

The necessity of predicting the spatial information of the site-specific seismic response, which is essential information for the comprehensive earthquake disaster countermeasures, is increasing for the mid-west urban areas where the earthquake-induced damages can be increased due to frequent occurrence of mid-scale earthquake such as 2016 Gyeongju Earthquake and 2017 Pohang Earthquake. Especially, researches on strategic securing of site survey datasets and understanding the site-specific site response characteristics were conducted for Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. In this study, a GIS-based framework for site-specific assessment of site response and induced vulnerable area in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea was proposed. Geo-Data based on GIS platform was constructed for regional estimation of geotechnical characteristics by collecting borehole and land coverage datasets. And the geo-spatial grid information was developed for deriving spatial distribution of geotechnical layer and site response parameters based on the optimization of the geostatistical interpolation method. Accordingly, base information for Improving earthquake preparedness measures was derived as seismic zonation map with administrative sub-units considering the quantitative site effect of Gyeonggi-do.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.165-175
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• 1994

An emergy analysis of the main energy flows driving the economy of humans and life support systems was made including environmental energies, fuels, and imports, all expressed as solar emjoules. The total emergy use (4, 373 E20 sej/yr) is 90 per cent from imported sources, fuels and goods and services. The emergy flows from the environment are modest, because the share of global inputs such as ruin and geological uplift flux is modest. Consequently, the ratio of outside investment to attracting natural resources is already large, like other industrialized countries. The population level is already in excess of carrying capacity. The emergy use per person in Korea indicates a moderate emergy standard of living, even though the indigenous resource is very poor. If the present economy were running entirely on stored reserves of fuels, soils, woods, etc., it would last about 2 years. Its carrying capacity for steady state on its renewable sources is only 3.3 million people, compared to 43.3 million in 1991. Continued availability of foreign oil at a favorable balance of emergy trade, currently about 7 to 1 net emergy, is the basis for present economic activity and must decrease as the net emergy of foreign oil purchased goes down. Close economic integration with Middle East may determine how long this is possible in the future.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.37-56
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• 2001

As a preliminary study to establish fracture network model in crystalline rocks, detail investigation on fracture characteristics were performed. Five fracture sets were determined on the basis of regional survey of geological structures and fractures on outcrops. Among the fracture sets, S1 set has the highest density and longest trace length of fractures which was identified on surface in the study area. S4 and S5 sets are composed of foliations and foliation parallel shear joints of gneisses, which are very important sets at the aspect of weighting of fracture length. For characterization of subsurface fractures, detail core logging was performed to identify fractures and fracture zones from five boreholes. Acoustic televiewer logging and borehole geophysical loggings produced images, orientations and geophysical properties of fractures which intersect with boreholes. According to the result of the investigations, subsurface fractures can be grouped as three preferred orientations(B1, B2 and B3), which correspond to S1, S2 and S4/S5 of surface fracture sets, respectively. Actually, B1 set is expected to be intensely developed at subsurface. However, it has low frequency of intersection with boreholes due to its parallel or sub-parallel direction to boreholes. According to the inference of conductive fractures, B1 and B3 sets have possibilities of water flow and their intersection lines are also thought to consist of important conduits of groundwater flow. In particular, faults which are parallel to foliations control major groundwater flow in the study area.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.50-61
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• 2015

This study investigates how Abies holophylla was planted as a tree sacred to the gods by Japan during the late Chosun and Japanese colonial periods. This study surveyed the current conditions of old Abies holophylla geological information, year planted, and the relationship between Abies holophylla and traditional Japanese values. The reasons that Abies holophylla was considered a tree sacred to the gods are as follows. Firstly, trees are planted on the spaces between Iljumun and Numun in Buddhist temples of Korea in the same way as trees are planted on the roads for worship in traditional temples of Japan. Secondly, tree diameter at breast height ranged from 60cm to 100cm. This means that the Abies holophylla trees range in age from 70 years to 138 years, showing that the trees were planted at the period between the beginning of Japanese Buddhism(1877) and the Japanese Colonial Period (1945). Thirdly, conclusions regarding why the Abies holophylla were planted in Korean temples at the beginning of Japanese Buddhism will be drawn based on the records that Jingu-Kogo's Conquest of Silla was taken care of the Suwataisha as a tree sacred to the gods in Japanese tradition. The reason for which Abies holophylla was planted in Korean temples should be evaluated through the remnants of Japan in the past. The issue of the old Abies holophylla in Korean temples should be investigated and further discussed in depth.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.437-442
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• 2014

Ocean Literacy is an understanding of the ocean's influence on you and your influence on the ocean. This research developed the 7 ocean education model courses using ocean literacy based on the analysis of ocean education programs which executed 23 agencies in Busan. These model courses are combined in the type of indoor theory, indoor experience, field study and field experience. Also, this makes the guide map for ocean education in a 76cm*56cm size to distinguish and choose the course easily. This map is the format combined in geological location and tourist attraction spots in Busan, includes education centers, contents, lead time and so on, and it is possible for educatees to handle their preference and seasonality elastically. This map including ocean education model course is a milestone to activate ocean education, and is helpful to reach the goal of ocean education and to lead ocean professionals. In addition, this research presents the development of teaching materials, training aids to complement the weakness of indoor education, the development of cyber education through making video contents as the activation measures of ocean education.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.35-48
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to investigate paleoenvironmental conditions of the shallow sea around Jeju Island during the Late Holocene using geochemical contents of the bivalve (Glycymeris albolineata) collected from the Sangmori Shell Mound. The bivalve shell used shows the archaeological age of 2,300 yr BP. Stable carbon and oxygen isotope compositions show that growth rates decreased with aging. Coeval trends of both isotope compositions can be observed: heavier values during winters and lighter values summers except for their young and old growth stages. The seasonality of bivalve shell appear to reflect seasonal variations of paleotemperature as well as paleosalinity. Especially China Coastal Water with low salinity was transported into the southern Jeju Strait from Changjiang River during summer periods. Heavier carbon isotope values during winter indicate higher productivity, and this is supported by high density of phytoplanktons and higher chlorophyll contents during winter time. For accurate interpretation, monitoring of present-day conditions of shallow marine water as well as additional geochemical analysis of the same Recent bivalve may be necessary.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.787-813
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• 2009

Because of global warming, the thawing of the Arctic ice cap is slowly accelerating. That is the hot issue nowadays. According to the each country's climate change policy, it is boom in the world to lessen the consuming of the fossil fuel those are oil, coal and natural gas. But on the contrary the thawing of the Arctic ice cap is the chance to make the natural gas producing unit cost lower. The purpose of this paper is to search the Arctic policy of each country under the contradictory relationship between promoting the climate change policy and exploiting the natural gas on the Arctic. Specially, there are huge natural gas reserves in Russia on the Arctic region, Russia's exploiting the natural gas on the Arctic will affect on the natural gas supply-demand balance of world natural gas market strongly in the future. Therefore it needs to prepare the future energy alternative policy for Korea's energy security. Russia has Yamal Peninsular where is abundant on natural gas reserver, and she can supply natural gas by LNG ship all over the world via the Arctic route. This means that the structure of world natural gas market be changed gradually. It will be possible in 2030~2040. And such a change is very important because new natural gas trading type can do it through not only overcoming the geological restriction but also shifting the main trading type from PNG(Pipeline Natural Gas) to LNG(Liquified Natural Gas). Therefore it is necessary that we should let this be a good lesson to ourselves through the government action of other countries (China, Japan) those also have no sovereignty over the Arctic as Korea.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.165-182
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• 1997

The aim of this paper is to clarify geomorphic features on talus within ${\check{O}}rumkol$ and the origin of ${\check{O}}rumkol$. ${\check{O}}rumkol$ is located in Milyang of Kyungnam province, in South Korea. ${\check{O}}rumkol$ is good area to study talus. because it is characterized by following three geomorphic landscapes : free face surrounding ${\check{O}}rumkol$ ; ${\check{O}}rumkol$ with deep and wide valley floor ; lots of taluses typically developing within ${\check{O}}rumkol$. The main results can be summarized as follows: 1) The origin of ${\check{O}}rumkol$ may be suggested two assumptions : one is that its origin have been resulted from intrusion structure(intrusive rock might capture less resistant rock as tuff) ; the other is that its origin have been resulted from volcanic depression after intrusion or eruption. But these assumptions are not obvious. therefore more geological evidences will be supplemented after this 2) The characteristics of ${\check{O}}rumkol$ talus (1) Pattern ${\check{O}}rumkol$ taluses are tongue-shaped or cone-shaped in appearance. They are $50{\sim}200m$ in length and the range of the maximum width from 25 to 115m and one of their mean slope gradient from 32 to $36^{\circ}$ (2) Origin ${\check{O}}rumkol$ taluses have been formed under periglacial environment in the last glacial age and they are classified into rock fall talus type, considering in conjunction with the shape, hardness, sorting, weathering conditions of constituent debris. (3) The stage of landform development ${\check{O}}rumkol$ talus slope profiles are mainly concave slope. This concave slope type was eventually caused by talus creep at the lower end of the talus. That means new additions of debris from the free face have virtually ceased and there is no evidence of recent motion in the deposit. Now it is predominant that vegetation cover is gradually increasingly. Therefore ${\check{O}}rumkol$ taluses appear to be relict form stage. at present.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.6 no.1 s.7
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• pp.15-30
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• 1997

The chamical and physical properties of the fragments of an ancient pottery such as earthenware, gliazed pottery and celadon excavated in Chonnam province has been investigated by X-ray diffraction inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy(ICP), thermal mechanical analysis(TMA). Glazed pottery fragments of Chonnam province are cotaining Fe2O3 $4\~7\%$ by the analyis of ICP, firing temperature range was presumed to $1100-1150^{\circ}C$ by TMA. Celadon fragments of Chonnam province are containing Fe2O3 $2\~3\%$ by the analyis of ICP, firing temperature range was presumed to $1140\~1200^{\circ}C$ by TMA. The charateristics in the trace element composition of an ancient pottery of Chonnam provinceis are similar, it is an reflection of similar geological charateristics. The charateristic elements of Chonnam provincical ancient pottery were Rb, Sr, V, Zr, Y, Nd, Sc, La, Ce, Nb, Sm, Eu, Dy and Yb of the analyzed 21 trace elements. By Fe2O3-Zn ditribution diagram, potteries excavated in Yong-am, celadons excavated in Haenam, Kangjin, Buan and glazed pottery excavated in Hae-nam are grouped into the same class.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.6 no.1 s.7
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• pp.31-60
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• 1997

Stone-cultural-properties, distributed in Naju, Hwasun and a part of Jangheung, have been investigated and studied on the characteristics, rock weathering and phases in the geological and conservational points of view. The properities involve pagoda and twelve stupas, four stone-buddha, three stone monuments, two stone-lantern, four stone-Jangseung, one and flag-pole. The rocks used are mainly pebble-bearing tuffaceous rocks of the Cretaceous age which are widely distributed in the area. However, granites are also used in some properties. These rocks are strongly influenced by weathering and pervasive moss. The mottled rock surfaces in some properties are in colors due to pervasive moss different. Parts of some cultural properties are broken which results in structurally unstable. Cultural properties in the area are relatively well conserved at the earth consolidated by ramming and by iron fence. However some cultural properties are partly repaired by using other hinds of rock phases which results in different colors in weathered rock surface. For conservation, rock phases, weathered surface colors, and relationships with original parts must be scientifically considered in repairment forward.