• Journal of health informatics and statistics
• /
• v.42 no.4
• /
• pp.309-316
• /
• 2017

Objectives: Radon and its progeny pose environmental risks as a carcinogen, especially to the lungs. Investigating factors affecting indoor radon concentrations and models thereof are needed to prevent exposure to radon and to reduce indoor radon concentrations. The purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting indoor radon concentration and to construct a comprehensive model thereof. Methods: Questionnaires were administered to obtain data on residential environments, including building materials and life style. Decision tree and structural equation modeling were applied to predict residences at risk for higher radon concentrations and to develop the comprehensive model. Results: Greenery ratio, impermeable layer ratio, residence at ground level, daily ventilation, long-term heating, crack around the measuring device, and bedroom were significantly shown to be predictive factors of higher indoor radon concentrations. Daily ventilation reduced the probability of homes having indoor radon concentrations ${\geq}200Bq/m^3$ by 11.6%. Meanwhile, a greenery ratio ${\geq}65%$ without daily ventilation increased this probability by 15.3% compared to daily ventilation. The constructed model indicated greenery ratio and ventilation rate directly affecting indoor radon concentrations. Conclusions: Our model highlights the combined influences of geographical properties, groundwater, and lifestyle factors of an individual resident on indoor radon concentrations in Korea.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.37 no.2
• /
• pp.264-273
• /
• 2017

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of production systems and milk collection periods on the somatic cell count (SCC), some microbiological properties, total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB), coliform, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), yeast and mould) and antibiotic residue of milk; in Turkey. Milk samples were collected from 9 conventional farms and 9 organic farms during one year time, at six different months (December 2013 to October 2014), and all farms were selected from the same geographical locations. All organically managed farms had organic production certificates given by the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock. The count of TAMB, coliform, and coagulase positive S. aureus were affected by production systems at the level of p<0.01; yeast and mold, and somatic cell count (SCC) were affected at the level of p<0.05. But, differences according to months were statistically significant only on TAMB (p<0.01) and coliform (p<0.05) counts. The general means of TAMB, coliform and yeast and mould counts of the organic milk (OM) were significantly lower (p<0.05), while the general means of SCC and coagulase positive S. aureus count of the OM was significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to conventional milk (CM). Antibiotic residue was determined in one of the CM sample and in two of the OM samples. Our study is the first research that compared conventional and organic milk in Turkey. This study indicated that the microbiological quality of OM was the higher in terms of TAMB, coliform and yeast and mould, whereas was the lower in relation to SCC and coagulase positive S. aureus counts. But, the quality of both milk types should be improved.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.194-201
• /
• 2000

The propose of the study is to try to support the practice of caring suitable for our cultural emotion by cognating the meaning of caring related to health which is melted in korean culture. Concrete purposes were as followings; to first, confirm the caring of civilian in Kangwon-do, to secondly search the caring in the traditional culture idea, and to thirdly present the conceptual frame about the caring. The methodology of this research is the ethnography to use the depth interview and the participative observation. The geographical area of this research was in Wichon-ri, Songsan- myon, Study participants were, 6men and 18women, totally 24 persons. Their average age was 72.6 years old. The period of data collection was from January, 1998 to April, 1999, which original data became saturation. Data collection was done after accept allowance of the participants, their stories were recorded in cassettee, by the way of the Spradley analysis was applied and adjusted. The results which was analyized as domain, category and property were as following; First, the category was the life serving other persons, which is the for mind, the benefiting one, the comprehensive one, the respective one, on soon. Second, the category was the controling life, and its property was the moderate mind, that is, vegetables were tried to be fed moderately, pleasantly and comfortable. Thirdly, the category was the eagerness life, and the properties were diligent mind, and mind which accomplished the complete resposibility. Fourth, the category was a happy life, and the properties were positive mind, satisfying one, thankful one, one of their ancestors benefit, and supplicatory one. Fifth, the category was the accepting life, and the properties were the submissive mind, resign one. Sixth, the category was the joint life all together and the properties were the harmonized mind, and the mutual helping one. Seventh, the category was the ruling life, and the properties were the pure mind, the ones which controls the body, the mind, the nature; which could surely confirmed the source of the life that lived with the nature, the native idea of our people. Eighth, the category was the retaining life, and the properties were the inherits the native custom, and the one that keep public morals. According to the result of examining the caring in ethnography, the general caring was performed the conceptual frame about the caring which is related to health was found in the principle of consideration, harmony, compliance, and transcendence.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.281-287
• /
• 2015

Two mini neutron monitors are installed at Concordia research station (Dome C, Central Antarctica, $75^{\circ}06^{\prime}S$, $123^{\circ}23^{\prime}E$, 3,233 m.a.s.l.). The site has unique properties ideal for cosmic ray measurements, especially for the detection of solar energetic particles: very low cutoff rigidity < 0.01 GV, high elevation and poleward asymptotic acceptance cones pointing to geographical latitudes > $75^{\circ}S$. The instruments consist of a standard neutron monitor and a "bare" (lead-free) neutron monitor. The instrument operation started in mid-January 2015. The barometric correction coefficients were computed for the period from 1 February to 31 July 2015. Several interesting events, including two notable Forbush decreases on 17 March 2015 and 22 June 2015, and a solar particle event of 29 October 2015 were registered. The data sets are available at cosmicrays.oulu.fi and nmdb.eu.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
• /
• 2002.10a
• /
• pp.12-16
• /
• 2002

The clear sky radiative forcings of aerosols were evaluated over East Asia. We first investigated optical characteristics of aerosol using sky radiation measurements. An algorithm of Nakajima et al. (1996) is used for retrieving aerosol parameters such as optical thickness, ${\AA}$ngstr$\"{O}$m exponent, single scattering albedo, and size distribution from sky-radiation measurements, which then can be used for examining spatial and temporal variations of aerosol. Obtaining aerosol radiative forcing at TOA and surface, a radiative transfer model is used with inputs of obtained aerosol parameters and GMS-5 satellite-based cloud optical properties. Results show that there is a good agreement of simulated downwelling radiative flux at the surface with observation within 10 W m$^{-2}$ rms errors under the clear sky condition. However, a relatively large difference up to 40 W m$^{-2}$ rms error is found under the cloudy sky condition. The computed aerosol radiative forcing at the surface shows downward flux changes ranging from -100 to -170 W m$^{-2}$ per unit aerosol optical thickness at 0.7 $\mu$m. The different values of aerosol radiative forcing among the stations is mainly due to the differences in single scattering albedo ($\omega$$_{0.7}$) and asymmetric parameter (g$_1$) related to the geographical and seasonal variations.

• BMB Reports
• /
• v.39 no.3
• /
• pp.229-239
• /
• 2006

Sj$\"{o}$gren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disorder that affects the salivary glands, leading to xerostomia, and the lacrimal glands, resulting in xerophthalmia. Secondary SS is associated with other autoimmune disorders such as systemic rheumatic diseases and systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE), which can affect multiple organs, including the epidermis. Recent studies have demonstrated that green tea polyphenols (GTPs) possess both anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties in normal human cells. Epidemiological evidence has indicated that, in comparison to the United States, the incidence of SS, clinical xerostomia and lupus is considerably lower in China and Japan, the two leading green tea-consuming countries. Thus, GTPs might be responsible, in part, for geographical differences in the incidence of xerostomia by reducing the initiation or severity of SS and lupus. Consistent with this, molecular, cellular and animal studies indicate that GTPs could provide protective effects against autoimmune reactions in salivary glands and skin. Therefore, salivary tissues and epidermal keratinocytes could be primary targets for novel therapies using GTPs. This review article evaluates the currently available research data on GTPs, focusing on their potential application in the treatment of the oral manifestations of SS and skin manifestations of SLE.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.39-48
• /
• 2001

In recent years, the marine traffic congestion has increased due to the expansion of vessel traffic volume in Korean coastal waterway. Heavy traffic could bring serious marine casualties which cause the loss of human lives, properties and marine pollution in coastal area. The prevention of marine accidents has been a major topic in marin society and various policies and countermeasures have been developed, applied to the industries. VTS(Vessel Traffic Services) is considered as one of effective method to promote marine safety but it needs relatively huge amount of budgets to build and also number of personnels for the operation. Thus prior to establishing the VTS. It should be surveyed the marine traffics, general conditions of waterway including geographical, meteorological characteristics and assessed to find the most reasonable area and places for the system. Therefore this paper aims to develop the method for this evaluation through the hierarchical evaluation structure model in connection with ISM(interpretive structural modeling) and AHP(analytic hierarchy process) methods. The model in this paper is applied to 4 coastal area in Korean waterway as candidates and found that the priority for the needs of VTS should be in order such as Yosu, Wando, Mokpo, Geoje coastal area.

• Korea Multimedia Society
• /
• v.12 no.4
• /
• pp.28-40
• /
• 2008

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a practical application class of wireless ad hoc networks, which consist of moving vehicles equipped with radio communication capabilities that collaborate to form a temporary network. This paper addresses issues and protocols of multihop routing in such emerging networks in the context of safety and infotainment applications. Due to the highly dynamic mobility of vehicles, frequent link breakage and short connection time are inevitable and, thus, the routing is a challenging task and interest for many researchers and industrial community. The frequent and dynamic change of topology makes the topology-based routing unreliable but the position-based routing more effective. The position-based routing consists of the location service which maps a node id to a geo-graphical position and the forwarding scheme which selects the next hop based on geo-graphical information of the node, its neighbors and the destination. The routing techniques are further categorized into geographical forwarding, trajectory forwarding and opportunistic forwarding based on the forwarding scheme. In this paper, we first present the distinguished properties of VANETs and the challenges and intractable issues posed in designing the routing protocols, followed by the comprehensive survey of existing routing protocols. Then, the different routing protocols designed for VANETs are compared in terms of characteristics, performance and application domains.

• Natural Product Sciences
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.109-114
• /
• 2005

Leucas aspera Link. (Lamiaceae) is an important medicinal plant in indigenous systems of medicine in India and commonly known as 'Thumbai'. It has various ethnomedicinal values as various traditional communities find diverse medicinal properties. It is used as antipyretic, stimulant, expectorant and diaphoretic drug. The present communication deals with the detailed pharmacognostical evaluation of whole plant of L. aspera collected from five different geographical zones of the country-Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Karnataka, West Bengal and Gujarat. The botanical characters and TLC fingerprint profile of all the samples were quite similar but some variations were observed in physicochemical parameters. However, some microscopical characters and TLC profile can be used as diagnostic characters for identification of L. aspera, for example amphistomachic leaves and two types of trichomes-abundant, non glandular, uniseriate, 1-3 celled and few glandular, 2-5 celled stalk with rounded tip. Presence of some components at $R_fs-0.56$, 0.65 and 0.76 under UV 366 and at $R_fs-0.31$, 0.43, 0.60, 0.76 and 0.82 under visible light after derivetization in TLC profile may also be used as diagnostic character.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.214-222
• /
• 2010

Many research results have indicated that many kinds of useful ingredients are rich in buckwheat, which have high nutritional values and medicinal properties, so, buckwheat has been cultivated around Asia and Europe. In this paper, genetic diversity of common and tartary buckwheat germplasms were studied based on morphological and molecular markers in order to provide useful information for conservation and utilization of buckwheat genetic resources. The length, width, thick, value and weight of the seed of the common and tartary buckwheat were measured and analyzed by the statistics methods. The result has shown that there are morphological variation both in common buckwheat and tartary buckwheat seeds collected from different regions. It also has shown that the morphological variation of tartary seeds was significantly correlated to geographical regions. The nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of the tartary buckwheat collected from different countries were cloned, sequenced and statistically analyzed. The data showed that ITS sequences were informative to analyze the phylogeny of the tartary buckwheat and the data also showed that the genetic distances varied among different tartary buckwheat seeds collected from different countries.