• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.103-112
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• 1995

Population pharmacokinetics for gentamicin were compared with 24 American patients (16 male and 8 female) and 16 Korean-American appendicitis patients(12 male and 4 female). Two to six blood specimens were collected from all patients at the following times: just before a regularly scheduled infusion and at 1/2 hour after the end of a 1/2 hour infusion. Nonparametric expected maximum(NPEM) algorithm for population modeling was used. The estimated parameters were the elimination rate constant(K), the slope of the relationship between K versus creatinine clearance(KS), the apparent volume of distribution(V), the slope of the relationship between V versus weight(VS), gentamicin clearance(CL) and the slope of the relationship between CL versus creatinine clearance and the VS(CS). The output includes a 3-dimensional plot of the joint probability density function(PDF), two marginal PDF, means, medians, modes, variance, skewness, kurtosis, and CV%. The mean K(KS) were 0.424$\pm$0.139(0.00429$\pm$0.00164) and 0.411$\pm$0.135 hr$^{-1}$ (0.00475$\pm$0.00180[hr.mL/min/1.73m$^{2}]^{-1}$) for American and Korean-American populations, respectively. The mean V(VS) were not different at 15.6$\pm$4.77(0.233$\pm$0.0526) and 15.1$\pm$3.84L(0.239$\pm$0.0492 L/kg) for American and Korean-American populations, respectively (P>0.2). The mean CL (CS) were 6.28$\pm$1.85(0.0634$\pm$0.0191) and 5.70$\pm$1.77 L/hr(0.0701$\pm$0.0215 L/kg[hr.mL/min/1.73m$^{2}$)] for American and Korean-American populations, respectively. There are no differences in gentamicin pharmacokinetics between American and Korean-American Appendicitis patients.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2019

Objective: Antibiotic resistance is a global health problem and threatens health of societies. These problems have led to a search for alternative approaches such as combination therapy. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of caffeine and omeprazole in combination with gentamicin or ciprofloxacin against standard and clinically resistant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Methods: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of different agents against bacterial strains were determined. The interaction of non- antibiotic drugs with gentamicin and ciprofloxacin was studied in vitro using a checkerboard method and calculating fraction inhibitory concentration index (FICI). Verapamil as efflux pump inhibitor was used to evaluate the possible mechanism of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Results: The MIC and MBC values of gentamicin against bacterial strains were in the range of $20-80{\mu}g/ml$ and $40-200{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. Caffeine and omeprazole had no intrinsic inhibitory activity against tested microorganisms. However, upon combination of caffeine with antibiotics, the synergistic effects were observed. Verapamil was able to reduce the MIC values of gentamicin (4 folds) only in some bacterial strains. Conclusion: These findings indicated that caffeine was effective in removing bacterial infection caused by S. aureus and E. coli. The relevant mechanisms of antibiotic resistance were not related to the drug efflux.

• CELLMED
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.5.1-5.8
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• 2023

Objectives: Cassia occidentalis L. is a weed belonging to the Caesalpiniaceae family. The root of this medicinal plant is used for the treatment of various ailments, including kidney diseases. The present study was aimed at evaluating the nephroprotective effects of HAE of the roots of Cassia occidentalis L. against gentamicininduced renal toxicity in albino Wistar rats. Methods: The renal toxicity was induced by subcutaneous administration of gentamicin at 100 mg/kg in the rats belonging to the disease control and treatment groups from the 4^th to the 8^th day. The rats in the treatment group received HAE of the roots of Cassia occidentalis L. at 67 mg/kg b. w. orally for 8 days, while no treatment was given to the rats in the disease control and plain control groups. At the end of the experiment, renal biomarkers viz; s. creatinine, b. urea, and s. uric acid, were investigated. The histopathological examination of the kidney specimens was also carried out. Results: The results of the present study revealed that renal function biomarkers such as s. creatinine, b. urea, and s. uric acid were significantly reduced in the rats of the treatment group as compared to those of the disease control group. Moreover, the histoarchitecture reports of the treatment group's kidney specimens showed significant improvements. Conclusion: The results suggested that the HAE of Cassia occidentalis L. roots promisingly prevented kidney injury in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxic rats. This effect might be due to improved clearance of gentamicin from the renal tubule and decreased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.367-371
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• 1999

Effects of several durgs on rabbit renal proximal tubules were examined for the applicability of renal dipeptidase (RDPase, EC 3. 4. 13. 11) release as a model system to study nephrotoxicity. The proximal tubule prepared by the method of Taub (1990) released RDPase spontaneously in the control experiment which was confirmed by Western blotting. RDPase was also released form cisplatin, lipopolysaccardie (LPS), and indomethacin-treated tubules. Gentamicin inhibited RDPase release in a concentration-dependent manner. This RDPase release system may not be a general model to screen nephrotoxicity but could be a useful source of RDPase purification in a simple and inexpensive way.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.101-105
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• 2022

Objectives: This study aims to determine the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) of combinations of Melastoma malabathricum leaf fraction with ciprofloxacin or gentamicin against pathogenic bacteria, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus, isolated from Diabetic Foot Ulcer (DFU) patients. Methods: We tested concentrations of 45%, 55%, 65%, and 75% of gentamicin and ciprofloxacin using dilution and agar diffusion methods. The combination of M. malabathricum leaf extract with these antibiotics was tested in vitro against all three bacteria. Results: The combination of M. malabathricum leaf extract and ciprofloxacin gave a FICI value of 0.5, indicating synergistic antibacterial activity against the test bacteria. Conclusion: The results show that the antibacterial effect of a combination of high doses of the leaf extract with either antibiotic is greater than that of the leaf extract and the antibiotics in single use.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.9
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• pp.1133-1139
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• 2013

During the collection of boar semen, bacterial contamination usually occurs. The contamination has deleterious effects both on semen quality and on sow fertility. The majority of contaminants are gram-negative bacteria, especially Serratia marcescens. In this study, we developed a PCR assay for the identification of S. marcescens targeting the luxS gene (GenBank no. EF164926). S. marcescens yielded a specific 306 bp PCR product. However, no amplification was observed in the other strains tested. The detection limit of PCR was $50pg/{\mu}l$ of template DNA of S. marcescens. The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of S. marcescens isolated from boar semen were tested using the disk diffusion method. Gentamicin, ceftiofur, florfenicol, and neomycin showed high sensitivity in this test. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was also determined by the broth microdilution method. The $MIC_{90}$ values of ceftiofur, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, and neomycin were 8, 8, 8, and $16{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. These results indicate that PCR amplification of the luxS gene is a reliable and effective method for the identification of S. marcescens and that ceftiofur, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, and neomycin are effective semen extenders for controlling S. marcescens.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.85-92
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• 1980

The antimicrobial drug susceptibility of 439 isolates of animal pathogens recovered from various clinical cases during 1978-79 has been investigated by the use of disk diffusion technique. The majority of 308 strains of Eschericihia coli were highly resistant to bacitracin, erythromycin, penicillin, streptomycin and tetracyclinon while only 0.3 per cent of them were resistant to gentamicin and 3.2 per cent to colistin. The percentages of strains resistant to ampicillin, carbenicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol and neomycin were 30.5%, 24.7%, 11:4%, 28.2% and 26.2% and repectively. However, none of E. coli cultures of ovine origin were resistant to ampicillin, carbenicillin, chloramphenicol, colistin, gentamicin, kanamycin, and neomycin. A total of 39 patterns of multipe drug1 resistance of 308 strains E. coli against 9 drugs in general use such as ampicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, colistin, gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin and tetracycline were observed and the most common multiple resistance patterns were SM, TC pattern (20.5%) and AM, CP, KM, NM, SM, TC pattern (9.7%). None of the 43 cultures of salmonella organism from pigs and chickens were resistant to ampicillin, carbenicillin, cephalothin, colistin, gentamicin and kanamycin; and the majority of the cultures were susceptible to chloramphenicol (90.0%), neomycin (97.7%) and tetracycline (93.0%). All the cultures were found to be resistant to bacitracin and penicillin and the rate of resistant strains to erythromycin and s treptomycin being 79.1% and 41.9% respectively. It was found that the majority of 63 cultures of staphylococcal isolates were resistant to lincomycin, penicillin, streptomycin and tetracycline. The percentages of 63 staphylococcal isolates susceptible to gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, cephalothin, ampicillin, methicillin, bacitracin and chloramphenicol were 98.4%, 98.4%, 95.2%, 93.7%, 93.7%, 92.1% and 92.1% respectively. The 25 cultures of streptococcal isolates were resistant in order of prevalence to streptomycin(88.0%), kanamycin(68.0%), gentamicin (44.0%), tetracycline (44.0%) and methicillin (40.0%) wihle the majority of them were sensitive to ampicillin, bacitracin, chloramphenicol and penicillin.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.55-61
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• 1986

A total of 130 of Staphylococcus strains isolated from various clinical specimens of admitted patients of a university hospital with systemic or severe cases of infection. All of these were tested for the antimicrobial susceptibility to 11 drugs of common use. The hospital strains isolated showed higher frequency of resistance against four drugs including gentamicin, penicillin, erythromycin, kanamycin but amikacin, cephalothin, streptomycin were effective. And also 47.7% of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus were isolated from the clinical patients. However, isolated Escherichia coli strains showed higher frequency of resistance, but two drugs, tobramycin and gentamicin were effective to them.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.123-131
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• 1994

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was developed for the detection of residual gentamicin(GM) in edible animal products. The immunogen(GM-KLH conjugate) and coating antigen(GM-BSA conjugate) were prepared by coupling GM sulfate to keyhole limpet hemocyanin(KLH) and bovine serum albumin(BSA) in the presence of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride, respectively. Polyclonal antibody to GM was produced in rabbits(New Zealand White, female) by using the immunogen and the antibody titer was measured by indirect ELISA. A competitive ELISA was developed using GM-bovine serum albumin conjugate as a coating antigen, GM(as standards or sample), polyclonal antibody to GM, secondary antibody conjugated with horseradish peroxidase as an enzyme, and H2O2 and o-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride as a substrate and a chromophore, respectively. The detection limit of GM was 10 ng/ml and the standard curve of GM(n=26) was linear up to 10 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml in this competitive ELISA system. There were no cross-reactivities of the partially purified antibody between GM and the various antibiotice such as amikacin, benzyl-penicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, furazlidone, kanamycin, neomycin, oleandomycin, streptomycin, sulfathiazole and thiamphenicol(CR50<0.05%)

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.1 s.29
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• pp.319-338
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• 1995

This article is to investigate the effects of Euphorbia Pekinensis RUPR. on rats with acute renal failure induced by gentamicin sulfate. So this experimental research was focused on measuring (1)the levels of creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, total protein, sodium, potassium, chloride in the serum and (2)the levels of protein, blood, sodium, potassium, chloride, pH, specific gravity and volume in the urine and (3)intake water. The results were summarized as follows. 1. While the levels of creatinine and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase in the serum were significantly increased, the level of BUN in the serum were partially increased and the levels of sodium and potassium in the serum were partially decreased on the Euphorbia Pekinensis $R_{UPR}$. group. 2. While the urine volume was significantly increased, the levels of protein, blood, sodium and chloride in the urine were partially increased and the specific gravity, pH in the urine were partially decreased. According to the above results, it is shown that Euphorbia Pekinensis $R_{UPR}$. without refinning had a diuretic effect on rats with acute renal failure induced by gentamicin sulfate, but aggravated the glomerular filtration rate and tubular reabsorption. So, it is supposed that Euphorbia Pekinensis $R_{UPR}$. without refinning needs to be used carefully on renal disease and futhermore research about the kinds of extracts form is necessary.