• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.42-45
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• 1963

In a plant breeding program, an efficient selection of desired characters in a population is important. Generally, many agronomic characters in a given population are determined by polygenes and quantitatively inherited. In practice, the genetic relationship between two observed characters which are undoubtedly subjected to the environmental influence is difficult to identify. In recent years, many workers have attempted to understant the genetic relationship between characters in terms of genotypic correlation, and the knowledge thus gained should furnish many important and useful information for the planning of breeding, selection, and interpretation of the result. The genotypic correlation is the result of pleiotropy, linkage of genes(2, 3, 5, 6, 8) and natural or artificial selection(4). The purposes of this study were to estimate genotyric and phenotypic correlations between all possible pairs of nine characters. and to seek certain characters which may be useful as indicators of certain important agronomic characters. Weber and Moorthy(10), Johnson et al. (5) and Sheth(7) found that in general, the genotypic correlations were higher than the phenotypic correlations. Weiss et al. (11) obtained significant positive correlations between maturity and oil content, maturity and low protein content, and high protein content and low oil content. Weber and Moorthy(10) reported the positive genotypic correlations between flowering and maturity, yield and maturity, yield and plant height, yield and seed weight, and negative genotypic correlations between maturity and oil content, and oil content and seed weight. Johnson et al. (5) studied the genotypic and phenotypic correlations among 24 characters and concluded that selection based entirely on a long fruiting period, lateness, heavy seed, low protein, high oil and resistance to lodging would be effective in increasing yield. Sheth(7) found the following positive associations among characters; height and maturity, yield and lodging, low protein content and high oil content, and yield and low protein content. Hanson et al.(1) also reported high negative correlation between seed yield and protein content.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.21-27
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• 1986

Since the estimate of the genetic relations between characters gave us effective basic informations about the selection of good strains of silkworm, the experiment was carried out to estimate the heritability and the genotypic correlation, etc. using the 21 combinations F1, 's by diallel crosses of seven strains of the silkworm. As the result of this experiment some conclusions obtained were as follows ; 1. The genotypic correlation is estimated highly positive in the heritability for all the 9 characters. 2. The correlations between all the characters are positive and the genotypic correlation is generally higher than the phenotypic one. 3. Since all the correlations between the have length and other characters are highly positive, it can be considered that the effects of the other characters on the have length are very important.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1988

This experiment were carried out to study the heritability, genotypic, pheno-typic and environmental correlation in four edible oil crops. Heritabilities of flowering date, maturing date, plant height and weight of 1, 000 grains in rape were high. A highly significant positive correlation was found between flowering date and maturing date, plant hight and ear length, number of pods per ear and flowering date, maturing date and plant hight, The number of seed per pod showed also significant positive correlation with flowering or maturing date as well as with the relationship between weight of 1, 000 grains and plant height or ear length inrapeseed, respectively. Heritabilities of maturing date, length of stem with eapsule and number of seed per capsule were high, in sesame. Genotypic correlation between plant height and length of stem with capsule, length of stem with capsule and number of capsule per plant, number of capsule per plant and weight of 1, 000 grains, weight of 1, 000 grains and yield were highy positive in sesame. Heritabilities of flowering date, length of main stem, weight of 100 grains and number of shells per square meter in peanut were high, There was positive genotypic correlation between length of main stem and yield, number of shells per quare meter and matured seed ratio, number of shells per square meter and yield, 100 grains weight and yield. On the other hand, a significant negative correlation appeared between flowering date and yield. Heritabilities of days to flowering, stem length, stem diameter and weight of 1, 000 grains in perila were high. There was positive genotypic correlation between stem length and stem diameter, number of pods per plant, stem weight etc, between number of internodes and number of pods per plant, stem weight, number of valid branches and number of pods plant as well, respectively. While, a significant negative correlation was observed between number of valid branches and weight of 1, 000 grains, between number of pods per plant and weight of 1, 000 grains.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.15
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• pp.33-59
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• 1974

A series of experiments were conducted at Crop Experiment Station from 1968 to 1971 to obtain basic information on effects of selection on yield of wheat varieties. Heritability estimates, correlation and path coefficients computed for yield and yield related characters from fixed variety groups-Korean, U.S., and Japan; early and late-$F_2$ and $F_3$ generations were studied. The same estimates for fixed variety groups grown under different fertilizer levels and years were also studied. The results were summarized as follow: 1. Three variety groups classified by their origins as Korea, United States and Japan showed high heritability estimates for heading date, plant height and spike length. The heritability estimates for grain number per spike and 1, 000 grain weight were moderate and those for the number of spikes per plant and grain yield were low. Very low estimates of heritability were obtained for grain number per spike and yield of variety group from the Unites States. 2. High genotypic correlation coefficients between 1, 000 grain weight and yield were obtained for all variety groups originated from Korea, United States and Japan and early variety group, except late variety group. The genotypic correlation coefficients between grain number per spike and yield were also high for all variety groups except variety group originated from the United States. 3. The direct effects of 1, 000 grain weight in terms of path-coefficients to yield were high for all variety groups except late variety group. 4. High genotypic correlation coefficients were obtained between 1, 000 grain weight and yield in $F_2$ from. two crosses. The same degree of genotypic correlation coefficients were obtained between grain number per spike and yield, although slight differences in its magnitude were found depending upon the cross combination. 5. The analysis of path-coefficients in $F_2$ shows that the direct effects of yield components to yield were negligible. 6. The characters that showed high genotypic correlation coefficients with yield in $F_3$ were 1, 000 gnain weight and grain number per spike. These characters showed also high direct effects to yield. 7. No great variations of heritability estimates for heading date, plant height and spike length were obtained for either fertilizer responsive or non responsive variety group due to fertilizer levels applied. 8. Heritability estimates of 1, 000 grain weight in fertilizer responsive group and yield in fertilizer nonresponsive group were high as level of fertilizer increased. 9. Heritability estimates for grain number per spike and 1, 000 grain weight of fertilizer non-responsive-group were higher than those of fertilizer. responsive group. 10. Genotypic corretation coefficients between yield and 1, 000 grain weight in fertilizer responsive group were getting lower as the level of fertilizer increased and those in fertilizer non-responsive group were vice versa. 11. Genotypic correlation coefficient between yield and spike number per plant in fertilizer responsive group was high. However, the genotypic correlation coefficient between yield and spike number per plant in fertilizer non-responsive group was low. 12. The direct effects of 1, 000 grain weight to yield were higher than other yield components either in fertilizer responsive or non-responsive group regardless of levels of fertilizer applied. The spike number per plant, however, was high only when high level of fertilizers were applied to fitilizer responsive group. 13. Slight variations of heritability estimates for heading dates, plant height, spike length, grain number per spike and 1, 000 grain weight were obtained between years. However, the spike number per plant with low heritabilility showed great variation between years. 14. The character that showed high genotypic correlation coefficients with yield in two years was 1, 000 grain weight, and this character was also high in direct effect to yield in terms of path-coefficients. 15. From the above experimental results, it might be concluded that 1, 000 grain weight would be one of the most important characters to increase the effects of selection for yield in wheat breeding in Korea.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.174-179
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• 1985

Estimate of heritabilities, genotypic and phenotypic correlations and path coefficient analysis were performed for the seven characters of barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.). Heritabilities of broad sense for stem length and spike length were 0.923 and 0.907. Kernels per spike, grain yield and 100 grain weight also showed high heritabilities. High genotypic and phenotypic correlations existed between stem length and 100 grain weight. Grain yield showed highly significant phenotypic correlation with spike length, 100 grain weight and kernels per spike. Genotypic correlations between those characters were moderately high. Number of stem had greatest direct effect but the number of spike had a strong negative direct effect upon grain yield. Kernels per spike via number of spike showed greatest indirect effect and the number of stem via number of spike showed strong negative indirect effect upon grain yield.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.81-86
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• 1988

This experiment was carried out for estimating genetic parameters, such as heritabilities, the phenotrpic and genotypic correlations of major agronomic characters with 64 cultivars in wanggol. Heritabilities of leaf length, number of leaf, stem length, stem diameter, number of stem and dry weight of medulla were higher, but that of dry weight of cortical were relatively lower. The genotypic correlation coefficients between stem length and dry weight of medulla, and between stem length and dry weight of cortical showed highly positive correlation, and stem length, stem diameter and dry weight of medulla were significantly correlated with dry weight of cortical, those characters gave high direct effect as same level in path-coefficient analysis.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• no.12
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• pp.1-4
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• 1970

The experimental studies were intended to clarify the effects of leaf yield calculations, and also aimed at estimating the correlations between some characters for the selection of desirable stocks of mulberry trees. The analysis of covariances was the variance components procedures in a replicated trial for the varieties, and also it was used to obtain the genotypic, phenotypic and environmental correlations between the eight characters-branch length, node number, branch diameter, branch number per stock, total branch weight, old branch weight, new shoot and leaf weight, and leaf weight, etc. The results obtained are summarized as follows: Phenotypic, genotypic and environmental covariances are shown in Table 1 and phenotypic correlations, genotypic correlations and environmental correlations are shown in Table 2. Genotypic correlations were slightly higher than the corresponding phenotypic correlations between the characters in the varieties, but the variation in values due to the change of environment appeared between the characters. Genotypic correlations between the leaf yield of mulberry trees and other characters indicated that high leaf yield was genetically correlated with six characters namely branch length, node number, branch number per stock, total branch weight, old branch weight and new shoot weight, etc. It was also observed that lower correlations were appeared between the leaf yield and branch diameter, and branch diameter and other all characters studied in both genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.198-203
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• 1999

7S and 11S globulins are two major storage proteins in soybean seed. For improving the quality of soybean seed protein, an increase of 11S/7S ratio would be a desirable objective because 11S globulin contains much more sulfur-containing amino acids than 7S globulin. In this study, six soybean varieties grown at three locations were used for genetic variation analysis of 7S and 11S globulins. It was possible to screen the soybean genotypes having aberrant subunit compositions of the two globulins by a sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). So, heritabilities, genotypic and phenotypic correlations among eight globulin fraction contents of soybean seeds were estimated. The mean value of 7S and 11S globulin fraction contents were 38.9% and 61.1%, respectively, and the ratio of 7S to 11S globulin ranged from 0.58 to 0.74. The high heritability value was found in $\beta$ subunits but the values of acidic and basic subunits were relatively low. Genotypic correlations were higher than the corresponding phenotypic correlations in most of globulin subunit contents. $\beta$ subunits was negatively correlated with $\alpha$ and $\alpha$' subunits among 7S fractions, while no significant correlation between $\alpha$ and $\alpha$' subunits could be found In case of 11S fractions, acidic and basic subunits exhibited no genotypic but negative phenotypic correlation.

• Plant Resources
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.118-123
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• 2002

In order to obtain the genetic information on the quantitative characters of black seeded soybeans, which would be needed to improve selection efficiency for breeding high yielding genotype, 45 varieties of black seeded soybeans collected in Chonnam, Korea were grown and variations of several important characters were observed. Heritability of each observed character, phenotypic and genotypic correlations among the characters and contribution of each yield component on grain yield through path coefficient analysis were estimated. Both number of pods per plant and 100-seed weight showed not only high heritability but also highly significant phenotypic and genotypic correlation with seed yield, and hence it was desirable to select plants with more number of pods per plant and higher 100-seed weight than raise seed yield of black seeded soybeans collected in Chonnam. In addition, number of pods per and 100-seed weight were proved to be the most influential variables on the viability of seed yield by path coefficient analysis. Since these showed the high heritability of number of pods per plant, selection of plants with higher 100-seed weight would be more efficient for breeding high yielding genotype.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.240-247
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• 1983

Heritability of flowering date, length of main stem, weight of 100 grains and number of shells per square meter in peanut were high with low local variation. There was positive genotypic correlation between length of main stem and yield, No. of shells per square meter and matured seed ratio, No of shells per square meter and yield 100 grain weight and yield but was negative genotypic correlation between flowering date and yield. With the view of path-coefficients, length of main stem, number of shells per square meter showed highly direct effects at.. all locations.