• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.1115-1122
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• 2002

To evaluate the physiological properties of 22 varieties of legumes, antioxidative activity, antimutagenicity against Mitomycin C, genotoxicity, and mutagenicity were tested. Ethanolic extracts of legumes had significant antioxidative activities in the tests of electron-donating ability to DPPH radical, hydroxy radical-scavenging activity, and inhibitory effect on lipid auto-oxidation model system. Soy sprout bean (green), mung bean, and small black bean (green) had excitatory effects on the growth of E. coli PQ 37 cell. Black bean and green soy bean had inhibitory effects on the mutagenicities of the cells. Rice bean, pea, mung bean, and bonavista bean showed antimutagenic activities against chemical mutagen, Mitomycin C. Thus, rice bean and mung bean were found to be appropriate auxiliary ingredients of rice cake and rice processing food for the promotion of health and augmentation of rice and legume consumptions.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.137-154
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• 2019

Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial compound used in consumer products. The purpose of current study was to examine toxicology and risk assessment of TCS based on available data. Acute toxicities of oral, transdermal and inhalation routes were low, and phototoxicity and neurotoxicity were not observed. Topical treatment of TCS to animal caused mild irritation. TCS did not induce reproductive and developmental toxicity in rodents. In addition, genotoxicity was not considered based on in vitro and in vivo tests of TCS. It is not classified as a carcinogen in international authorities such as International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). No-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was determined 12 mg/kg bw/day for TCS, based on haematoxicity and reduction of absolute and relative spleen weights in a 104-week oral toxicity study in rats. Percutaneous absorption rate was set as 14%, which was human skin absorption study reported by National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme (NICNAS) (2009). The systemic exposure dosage (SED) of TCS has been derived by two scenarios depending on the cosmetics usage of Koreans. The first scenario is the combined use of representative cosmetics and oral care products. The second scenario is the combined use of rinse-off products of cleansing, deodorants, coloring products, and oral care products. SEDs have been calculated as 0.14337 mg/kg bw/day for the first scenario and 0.04733 mg/kg bw/day for the second scenario. As a result, margin of safety (MOS) for the first and second scenarios was estimated to 84 and 253.5, respectively. Based on these results, exposure of TCS contained in rinse-off products, deodorants, and coloring products would not pose a significant health risk when it is used up to 0.3%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.909-915
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• 2014

This study was carried out to evaluate the genotoxicity of imported oranges irradiated with ionizing energy (0.5 and 1 kGy). In bacterial reversion assays with Salmonella Typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537, imported oranges irradiated with ionizing energy (0.5 and 1 kGy) showed no significant increase in the number of revertant colonies in both the absence and presence of the S9 metabolic activation system. In chromosomal aberration tests with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, imported oranges irradiated with ionizing energy (0.5 and 1 kGy) showed no increase in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations. In in vivo mouse micronucleus assay, imported oranges irradiated with ionizing energy (0.5 and 1 kGy) showed no increase in the frequency of polychromatic erythrocytes with micronucleus. These results indicate that imported oranges irradiated with ionizing energy (0.5 and 1 kGy) showed no genotoxic effects under these experimental conditions.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.156-160
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• 2016

Background: Workers in pesticide manufacturing industries are constantly exposed to pesticides. Genetic biomonitoring provides an early identification of potential cancer and genetic diseases in exposed populations. The objectives of this biomonitoring study were to assess DNA damage through comet assay in blood samples collected from industry workers and compare these results with those of classical analytical techniques used for complete blood count analysis. Methods: Samples from controls (n = 20) and exposed workers (n = 38) from an industrial area in Multan, Pakistan, were subjected to various tests. Malathion residues in blood samples were measured by gas chromatography. Results: The exposed workers who were employed in the pesticide manufacturing industry for a longer period (i.e., 13-25 years) had significantly higher DNA tail length ($7.04{\mu}m$) than the controls ($0.94{\mu}m$). Workers in the exposed group also had higher white blood cell and red blood cell counts, and lower levels of mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), MCH concentration, and mean corpuscular volume in comparison with normal levels for these parameters. Malathion was not detected in the control group. However, in the exposed group, 72% of whole blood samples had malathion with a mean value of 0.14 mg/L (range 0.01-0.31 mg/L). Conclusion: We found a strong correlation ($R^2=0.91$) between DNA damage in terms of tail length and malathion concentration in blood. Intensive efforts and trainings are thus required to build awareness about safety practices and to change industrial workers' attitude to prevent harmful environmental and anthropogenic effects.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.490-498
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• 2010

Isotianil is a fungicide which has prevention effects against rice blast disease. In order to register this new pesticide, the series of toxicity data on animal testing were reviewed to evaluate its hazards to consumers and to determine its acceptable daily intake. Isotianil was almost excreted by urine and feces. It has low acute oral toxicity while has no skin toxicity and ocular irritation. Its skin sensitization was evaluated as slight. Genotoxicity of parent compound and metabolite was negligible. Chronic toxicity tests on rats and dogs showed changes of hematology, clinical biochemistry and liver weight. It had no reproductive and teratogenic effects. The estimation of Acceptable Daily Intake(ADI) is based on the lowest no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL). The lowest NOAEL of 2.83 mg/kg bw/day was found in the twelve-months rats study. The NOAEL was based on increased liver weight and treatment-related effect on clinica chemistry finding at the nest higher dose level of 2.83 mg/kg bw/day. Therefore, it is considered appropriated to apply an uncertainty factor of 100 to the NOAEL 2.83 mg/kg bw/day from the rat study, resulting in an ADI of 0.028 mg/kg bw/day.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.53-58
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• 1998

For evaluating the mutagenic potential of 2-carbomethoxy-4-chlorodiethyl phosphate, three different short-term mutagenicity tests were used; Salmonella typhimurium preincubation assay with and without rat liver microsomal activation, chromosome aberration test in cultured chinese hamster lung fibroblast cell and in vivo micronucleus test in male mice bone marrow. In Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation assay using TA98, TA100, TAl535 and TAl537, 2-carbomethoxy-4-chlorodiethyl phosphate did not show any mutagenic response in the presence and absence of S9 mix. It did not induce any significant structural chromosome aberrations in the absence of metabolic activation. In micronucleus test using ICR mice, the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) increased in bone marrow cells treated with positive control, mitomycin-C, but 2-carbomethoxy-4-chlorodiethyl phosphate did not increase micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes. These results indicate that 2-carbomethoxy-4-chlorodiethyl phosphate does not show any positive responses in short-term genotoxicity assays.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.10
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• pp.1588-1593
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• 2014

This study evaluated the genotoxic effects of 30 kGy of X-ray irradiation to four foods (chicken, egg powder, dried green onion, and black pepper). In bacterial reversion assay with Salmonella Typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537, the X-ray irradiated foods did not show a significantly increased number of revertant colonies in the presence or absence of the S9 metabolic activation system. In chromosomal aberration tests with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, the X-ray irradiated foods showed no increase in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations. In in vivo mouse micronucleus assay, the X-ray irradiated foods did not show any increase in the frequency of polychromatic erythrocytes with micronuclei. These results indicate that 30 kGy of X-ray irradiation to four foods (chicken, egg powder, dried green onion, and black pepper) showed no genotoxic effects under these experimental conditions.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.383-390
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• 2013

Mistlero C was shown to be non-genotoxic in a series of genotoxicity tests, including a bacterial reverse mutation test and a combined in vivo mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test. In a bacterial reverse mutation assay, no significant increases in the number of revertant colonies, compared to the negative control, was detected in $5,000{\mu}g/plate$ of Mistlero C. In addition, with Mistlero C, no changes were shown in the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) among 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes compared to the negative control. Mistlero C was administered orally in rats to investigate acute toxicity. The $LD_{50}$ values in rats were above 2,000 mg/kg. In a repeated dose, 13-week, oral toxicity study conducted in rats, no compound-related adverse effects were shown at doses of Mistlero C of up to 1,000 mg/kg body weight/day. The results of these studies support the safe use of Mistlero C in food for human consumption.