• Title/Summary/Keyword: General base catalysis

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2-Fluorenylidene chalcone유도체에 대한 Thioglycolic acid의 친핵성 첨가 반응에 관한 연구 (Nucleophilic Addition Reaction of Thioglycolic acid to 2-Fluorenylidene chalcone Derivatives)

  • 이기창;이광일;황용현;류정욱;윤철훈
    • 한국응용과학기술학회지
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    • 제13권1호
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    • pp.107-113
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    • 1996
  • Fluorenylidene chalcone derivatives were synthesized by condensation. The structure of these compounds were ascertained by means of UV, melting point, IR and $^1H-NMR$ spectra. The nucleophilic addition reaction kinetics of Thioglycolic acid to fluorenylidene chalcone was investigate by UV in 20% $dioxane-H_2O$ at $25^{\circ}C$. The rate equation which were applied over a wide $pH1.0{\sim}13.0$ range. On the basis of general base catalysis and confirmation of addition reaction product, the nucleophilic addtion reaction kinetics of thioglycolic acid to fluorenylidene chalcone were measured by the pH change. From the result of the above caption, a plausible nucleophilic addition reaction mechanism of thioglycolic acid to fluorenylidene chalcone was proposed. These compounds may be used as the starting materials for the preparation of the engineering plastics or the germicide.

살충성 2-Chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl)vinyldimethylphosphate (Gardona)$^{\(R)}$의 가수분해 반응메카니즘 (Kinetics and Mechanism of Hydrolysis of Insecticidal 2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyldimethylphosphate (Gardona)$^{\(R)}$)

  • 성락도;윤태용;권기성;김태린
    • 대한화학회지
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    • 제34권5호
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    • pp.483-489
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    • 1990
  • 25${\%}$ methanol-수용액 속에서 살충성 2-chloro-l-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl)-vinyldimethylphosphate(Gardona)의 가수분해 반응을 관찰하였다. 다양한 pH에서의 연구결과는 용매효과(m < 0.4, n < 0.7, |m| ${\ll}$ |l|(화합 S$_N$2 형)), 열역학적 파라미터 (${\{Delta}S^{\neq}$ = -27∼-32 e.u. ${\{Delta}H^{\neq}$ = 13∼18 Kcal/mole), 반응속도(k = k$_A$+k$_B$ [OH$^-$]), 일반염기 촉매 효과 및 가수분해 생성물 분석에 의하여 Gardona의 가수분해 반응이 전이상태와 carbanion 중간체를 포함하는 2분자적(Ad$_{N-E}$) 메카니즘으로 일어남을 암시하고 있다.

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2-Phenyl-4H,5H-3-methyl-3-thiazolinium Perchlorate 유도체의 가수분해 반응 메카니즘에 관한 반응속도론적 연구 (Kinetic Studies on the Mechanism of Hydrolysis of 2-Phenyl-4H,5H-3-methyl-3-thiazolinium Perchlorate Derivatives)

  • 김태린;이소영;한만소;변상용;이석희
    • 대한화학회지
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    • 제44권2호
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    • pp.120-126
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    • 2000
  • 2-PhenyI-4H,5H-3-methyl-3-thiazolinium perchlorate(PTP)유도체들의 가수분해속도상수를 수용액에서 자외선 분광법으로 측정하여 넓은 pH 범위에서 적용될 수 있는 속도식을 구하였다. pH에 따른 속도상수의 변화, 가수분해 생성물의 확인, 일반염기 및 치환기 효과 등을 바탕으로 반응 메카니즘을 제안하였다. 즉 pH 4.0 이하에서는 물분자의 첨가가 일어나 가수분해가 진행되며, pH 9.0 이상에서는 전형적인 Michael type의 반응이 일어나며, pH $4.5{\sim}8.0$ 사이에서는 이들 두 반응이 경쟁적으로 일어남을 알았다.

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Rate-Product Correlations for the Solvolysis of 5-Nitro-2-Furoyl Chloride

  • Choi, Ho-June;Koh, Han-Joong;Ali, Dildar;Yang, Ki-Yull;Koo, In-Sun
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제33권10호
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    • pp.3293-3297
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    • 2012
  • The solvolysis rate constants of 5-nitro-2-furoyl chloride (5-$NO_2(C_4H_2O)$-2-COCl, 1) in 27 different solvents are well correlated with the extended Grunwald-Winstein equation, using the $N_T$ solvent nucleophilicity scale and YCl solvent ionizing scale, with sensitivity values of $1.20{\pm}0.05$ and $0.37{\pm}0.02$ for l and m, respectively. The activation enthalpies (${\Delta}H^{\neq}$) were 5.63 to $13.0kcal{\cdot}mol^{-1}$ and the activation entropies (${\Delta}S^{\neq}$) were -25.9 to $-43.4cal{\cdot}mol^{-1}{\cdot}K^{-1}$, which is consistent with the proposed bimolecular reaction mechanism. The solvent kinetic isotope effect (SKIE, $k_{MeOH}/k_{MeOD}$) of 2.65 was also in accord with the $S_N2$ mechanism and was possibly assisted using a general-base catalysis. The product selectivity (S) for solvolysis of 1 in alcohol/water mixtures was 1.2 to 11, which is also consistent with the proposed bimolecular reaction mechanism.

Leaving-Group Substituent Controls Reactivity and Reaction Mechanism in Aminolysis of Phenyl Y-Substituted-Phenyl Carbonates

  • Kang, Ji-Sun;Song, Yoon-Ju;Um, Ik-Hwan
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제34권7호
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    • pp.2023-2028
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    • 2013
  • A kinetic study is reported for the nucleophilic substitution reactions of phenyl Y-substituted-phenyl carbonates (5a-5k) with piperidine in 80 mol % $H_2O$/20 mol % DMSO at $25.0{\pm}0.1^{\circ}C$. The plots of $k_{obsd}$ vs. [piperidine] for the reactions of substrates possessing a strong electron-withdrawing group (EWG) in the leaving group (i.e., 5a-5i) are linear and pass through the origin. In contrast, the plots for the reactions of substrates bearing a weak EWG or no substituent (i.e., 5j or 5k) curve upward, indicating that the electronic nature of the substituent Y in the leaving group governs the reaction mechanism. Thus, it has been suggested that the reactions of 5a-5i proceed through a stepwise mechanism with a zwitterionic tetrahedral intermediate (i.e., $T^{\pm}$) while those of 5j and 5k proceed through a stepwise mechanism with two intermediates (i.e., $T^{\pm}$ and its deprotonated form $T^-$). The slope of the Br${\o}$nsted-type plot for the second-order rate constants (i.e., $k_N$ or $Kk_2$) changes from -0.41 to -1.89 as the leaving-group basicity increases, indicating that a change in the rate-determining step (RDS) occurs. The reactions of 5a-5k with piperidine result in larger $k_1$ values than the corresponding reactions with ethylamine.

돼지 간 유래의 methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase 반응메커니즘 (Kinetic and Chemical Mechanism of Pig Liver Methenyltetrahydrofolate Synthetase)

  • 조용권
    • 생명과학회지
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    • 제18권8호
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    • pp.1036-1041
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    • 2008
  • $30{\sim}70%$ 황산암모늄 분획, Fast Q 음이온 교환수지 및 Phenyl Agarose 수지를 통해 돼지간유래의 methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase를 정제하였으며 정제도는 119이었다. SDS-PAGE 및 HPLC를 이용한 gel permeation column chromatography에 의해 이 효소는 분자량이 23 kDa인 단량체로 확인되었다. 최적 온도와 최적 pH는 각각 $35^{\circ}C$ 와 6.5이었다. 이 효소는 tetranitromethane 및 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC)에 의해서만 활성이 감소되었는데, 이는 티로신과 카르복실산이 효소의 활성부위에 존재한다는 것을 나타낸다. 활성부위의 pH 실험으로부터 2개의 티로신이 기질의 결합에 관여하며 하나의 카르복실기가 촉매반응에 관여한다는 사실이 관찰되었다. 따라서 이 효소는 2개의 티로신이 ATP와 5-formylTHF과 결합하며 하나의 카르복실기가 일반염기로서 촉매한다는 것을 알 수 있다.

살충성 $O,O-Diethyl-{\alpha}-cyanobenzylideneamino-oxyphosphorothioate\;(Volaton^{\circledR})$의 가수분해 반응메카니즘 (Kinetics and Mechanism of Hydrolysis of Insecticidal $O,O-diethyl-{\alpha}-cyanobenzylideneamino-oxyphosphorothiate\;(Volaton^{\circledR})$)

  • 성낙도;김현이;박천규
    • Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • 제37권2호
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    • pp.124-129
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    • 1994
  • 25%(v/v) dioxane 수용액의 넓은 pH범위에서 살충성 $O,O-Diethyl-{\alpha}-cyanobenzylideneamino-oxyphosphorothioate(Volaton^{\circledR})$의 가수분해 반응은 용매효과 (pH 6.0; m=0.21, n=1.55, pH 12.0; m=0.42, n=3.14 및 $|m|{\ll}|l|$), 반응 속도식, 일반염기 촉매효과, 가수분해 반응생성물 분석 및 분자 궤도(MO) 함수 계산 등의 결과로부터 trigonal bipyramidal$(sp^3d^2)$중간체를 경유하여 pH 7.0 이하에서는 $A_{AC}2$형 반응, 그리고 pH 9.0 이상에서는 $B_{AC}2$형 반응이 일어난다. Volaton의 가수분해 반응성은 입체 장애보다는 양하전 크기$(p{\gg}{\alpha}C_2)$에 의존적이며 $pH\;7.0{\sim}9.0$ 사이에서는 이들 두 반응이 경쟁적으로 일어나는 반응 메카니즘을 제안하였다.

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Product-Rate Correlations for Solvolyses of 2,4-Dimethoxybenzenesulfonyl Chloride

  • Kim, Soo Ryeon;Choi, Hojune;Park, Jong Keun;Koo, In Sun;Koh, Han Joong
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제35권1호
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    • pp.51-56
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    • 2014
  • The solvolysis rate constants of 2,4-dimethoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride (1) in 30 different solvents are well correlated with the extended Grunwald-Winstein equation, using the $N_T$ solvent nucleophilicity scale and $Y_{Cl}$ solvent ionizing scale, with sensitivity values of $0.93{\pm}0.14$ and $0.65{\pm}0.06$ for l and m, respectively. These l and m values can be considered to support a $S_N2$ reaction pathway. The activation enthalpies (${\Delta}H^{\neq}$) were 12.4 to $14.6kcal{\cdot}mol^{-1}$ and the activation entropies (${\Delta}S^{\neq}$) were -15.5 to -$32.3kcal{\cdot}mol^{-1}{\cdot}K^{-1}$, which is consistent with the proposed bimolecular reaction mechanism. The solvent kinetic isotope effects (SKIE) were 1.74 to 1.86, which is also in accord with the $S_N2$ mechanism and was possibly assisted using a general-base catalysis. The values of product selectivity (S) for solvolyses of 1 in alcohol/water mixtures was 0.57 to 6.5, which is also consistent with the proposed bimolecular reaction mechanism. Third-order rate constants, $k_{ww}$ and $k_{aa}$, were calculated from the rate constants ($k_{obs}$), together with $k_{aw}$ and $k_{wa}$ calculated from the intercept and slope of the plot of 1/S vs. [water]/[alcohol]. The calculated rate constants, $k_{calc}$ ($k_{ww}$, $k_{aw}$, $k_{wa}$ and $k_{aa}$), are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental values, supporting the stoichiometric solvation effect analysis.

N-[1-(benzotriazol-1-yl)benzyl]aniline 誘導體의 合成과 加水分解 反應 메카니즘 (Synthesis and Hydrolysis Mechanism of N-[1-(benzotriazol-1-yl)benzyl]aniline Aniline Derivatives)

  • 권기성;박천규;성낙도;김태린
    • 대한화학회지
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    • 제37권12호
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    • pp.1060-1067
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    • 1993
  • 일련의 새로운 N-[1-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-X-치환-benzyl]-Y-치환-aniline 유도체(S)를 합성하고 25$^{\circ}C$의 25%(v/v) methanol-물의 혼합용액속에서 pH 변화에 따른 가수분해 반응속도 상수를 측정하여 용매효과($m {\ll} 1,\; n \leq 3\; and\; m {\ll} l$), 염 효과, 일반염기 촉매 효과, 치환기 효과(${\rho}_{xy}$ > 0), 가수분해 반응생성물의 분석 및 반응속도식 등의 결과로부터 pH 12.0 이하에서는 주로 "A-$S_N2$형" 반응, 그리고 pH 13.0 이상에서는 전형적인 "$S_N2$형"의 반응으로 진행하는 가수분해 반응 메카니즘을 제안하였다.

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Phenyl-N-benzoylchlorothioformimidate 誘導體의 加水分解 反應메카니즘 (Hydrolysis Mechanism of Phenyl-N-benzoylchlorothioformimidate Derivatives)

  • 권기성;김천석;이용구;성낙도
    • 대한화학회지
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    • 제36권4호
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    • pp.589-597
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    • 1992
  • $25^{\circ}C$의 30%(v/v) dioxane-물의 혼합용매 속에서 pH 변화에 따른 X와 Y-치환된 phenyl-N-benzo-ylchlorothioformimidates(S)들의 가수분해 반응 속도상수를 측정하여 반응 속도식을 유도하고, 경계 궤도함수 상호작용, 용매 효과, 일반 염기 촉매효과, 열 역학적 활성화 파라미터, 및 가수분해반응 생성물 분석 등의 결과로부터 pH 10.0 이하의 낮은 pH 에서는 azocarbocation 중간체를 지나는 $S_N1$형 반응, pH 11.0이상의 높은 pH에서는 사면체 중간체를 지나는 친핵성 첨가-제거 ($Ad_{N-E}$)반응 그리고 pH 10.0과 11.0 사이에서는 이들 두가지 유형의 궤도 조절 반응이 서로 경쟁적으로 일어남을 제안하였다.

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