• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.64-74
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• 2014

Ecological parks enable the sustainable use of natural resources and can be used as a place for site based environmental education. This study presented an opportunity to expand the scope of user perceptions and leisure benefits into urban ecological parks. However, in-depth studies which are aimed at eco-park visitors seeking the leisure benefits of the eco experience programs are lacking. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the urban ecological park user' characteristics which were derived by analyzing the leisure benefits and attitudes for the environment. Also, the attitudes about the environment, and the leisure benefits of visiting urban ecological parks was found to influence visitors' overall satisfaction. To accomplish the purposes of this study, a questionnaire survey with 282 samples was carried out on the urban ecological park(Gildong ecological park, Yeouido tributary ecology park). The results of the analyses are as following: urban ecological park visitors had a positive attitude about the environment, and felt satisfied by the visitors' leisure benefits. The study also examined the relationships between visitors' expectations of the leisure benefits both before visiting and after visiting. The results showed that ecological park visitors had greater expectations regarding the leisure benefits of the ecological program. Leisure benefits have a positive influence on overall satisfaction, and a positive attitude for the environment does not affect satisfaction. This study reaches the conclusion that the ecology experience program utilizing ecological parks is very effective with regard to overall satisfaction in urban areas toward the general environment and ecological parks. One of the major implications of this study is to offer a way to improve user leisure benefits and promote ecological programs by developing ecological parks for the future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.47-61
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to understand the laws related to the safety management of children's play facilities(LRSMCPF) including the "Safety Supervision Law of Children's Play Facilities(SSLCPF)" and the "Quality Management and Industrial Products Safety Management Law(QMIPSAL)", in order to analyze the problems by 4 phases-development of products, landscape design, landscape construction and maintenance considering landscape project procedure-and to propose a revision of the laws. The results are as follows: 1. The various LRSMCPF, SSLCPF and QMIPSAL, as basic laws for the safety management of children's play facilities, were insufficient regarding the features of children's play facilities and play spaces, which are both comparatively varied and complex. 2. In development of products, the one-year duration of safety certification based on QMIPSAL was too short and the procedure for safety certification were redundant in both products and plants inspection, and export and import product inspection. 3. The field inspection of construction sites based on SSLCPF was repeated with quality control and a consultation of rules based on "Construction Technology Management Law". 4. There are not enough safety inspection organizations regarding children's play facilities to meet the demand of safety certification, safety inspection, and safety education in the near future. 5. For children's play safety, the establishment of a general safety management system for children's play connected with the phases is needed to ensure safe play equipment, to construct safe playgrounds, and to manage play facilities. The criteria, regulations, and procedure regarding safety certification and safety inspection of play facilities must be revised efficiently and standardized to a global level as well. To improve the system and contents of safety certification and inspection, authorization of safety inspection organizations based on landscape architecture is needed. Further study will be required to concretely analyze in detail the laws, enforcement decrees and rules, and ordinances that consider the practical experience of professional landscape architects, inspectors, and lawyers.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.8
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• pp.875-880
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• 2009

Purpose : Iron-deficiency anemia remains the most common nutritional deficiency in young infants. This study aimed to survey the actual condition of feeding patterns and weaning diet and to study the association between these factors and the prevalence of anemia in infants aged over 9 months. Methods : We studied 171 infants aged 9-24 months who were hospitalized in the general ward with mild to moderate acute illnesses. The mothers answered a questionnaire about the feeding patterns and the status of the weaning diet of their infants. The infants were divided into three groups: infants who were exclusively breast-fed, those who had been given mixed feeding, and artificial milk feeders. Results : The incidence of anemia was significantly higher in exclusively breast-fed infants (23/68, 33.8%) than in the infants with mixed feeding (11/62, 17.7%) and artificial milk feeders (5/41, 12.1%). The mothers' awareness about the state of their infants󰡑 weaning diet was not related to the presence of anemia in the exclusively breast-fed infants. About 70% of the infants had started the weaning diet before age 6 months in all three groups, without any difference according to feeding patterns. Conclusion : The incidence of anemia was significantly higher in the breast-fed group than in the other infants. Many mothers of breast-fed infants with anemia also believed that their infants were taking sufficient weaning foods. Therefore, further education of the mothers about iron-rich weaning foods and the importance of iron intake during infancy is needed to prevent anemia, especially in breast-fed infants.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.34-39
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• 2018

This research was conducted to estimate moisture content in cucurbitaceae seedlings, such as cucumber and watermelon, using hyperspectral imagery. Using a hyperspectral image acquisition system, the reflectance of leaf area of cucumber and watermelon seedlings was calculated after providing water stress. Then, moisture content in each seedling was measured by using a dry oven. Finally, using reflectance and moisture content, the moisture content estimation models were developed by PLSR analysis. After developing the estimation models, performance of the cucumber showed 0.73 of $R^2$, 1.45% of RMSE, and 1.58% of RE. Performance of the watermelon showed 0.66 of $R^2$, 1.06% of RMSE, and 1.14% of RE. The model performed slightly better after removing one sample from cucumber seedlings as outlier and unnecessary. Hence, the performance of new model for cucumber seedlings showed 0.79 of $R^2$, 1.10% of RMSE, and 1.20% of RE. The model performance combined with all samples showed 0.67 of $R^2$, 1.26% of RMSE, and 1.36% of RE. The model of cucumber showed better performance than the model of watermelon. This is because variables of cucumber are consisted of widely distributed variation, and it affected the performance. Further, accuracy and precision of the cucumber model were increased when an insignificant sample was eliminated from the dataset. Finally, it is considered that both models can be significantly used to estimate moisture content, as gradients of trend line are almost same and intersected. It is considered that the accuracy and precision of the estimating models possibly can be improved, if the models are constructed by using variables with widely distributed variation. The improved models will be utilized as the basis for developing low-priced sensors.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.31 no.1 s.60
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• pp.15-26
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• 1998

p53 is the most frequently mutated gene in female breast cancer tissues and the prognosis of breast cancer could be changed by mutation of the gene. This study was performed to examine risk factors for breast cancer subtypes classified by p53 mutation and to investigate the roles of p53 gene mutation in carcinogenesis of breast cancer. The study subjects were 81 breast cancer patients and 121 controls who were matched to cases 1:1 or 1:2 age, residence, education level and menopausal status. All the subjects were interviewed by a well-trained nurse with standardized questionnaire on reproductive factors, and wire asked to fill the self-administrative food frequency questionnaire. p53 gene mutation in the cancer tissue was screened using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) method. Mutation type was identified by direct sequencing of the exon of which mobility shift was observed in SSCP analysis. Mutations were detected in p53 gene of 25 breast cancer tissues. By direct sequencing, base substitutions were found in 20 cancer tissues (10 transition and 10 transversion), and frame shift mutations in 5 (4 insertions and 1 deletion). For the whole cases and controls, risk of breast cancer incidence decreased when the parity increased, and increased when intake amount of total calory, fat, or protein increased. Eat and protein were statistically significant risk factors for breast cancer with p53 mutation. For breast cancer without p53 mutation, protein intake was the only significant dietary factor. These results suggest that causes of p53 positive breast lancer would be different from those of p53 negative cancer, and that dietary factors or related hormonal factors induce mutation of p53, which may be the first step of breast cancer development or a promoter following some unidentified genetic mutations.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.171-180
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• 2017

This study performed the analysis on the volcanic gases and hot spring waters from the Julong hot spring at Mt. Baekdu during the period from July 2015 to August 2016. Also, we confirmed the errors that $HCO_3{^-}$ concentrations of hot spring waters in the previous study (Lee et al. 2014) and tried to improve the problem. Dissolved $CO_2$ in hot spring waters was analyzed using gas chromatograph in Lee et al. (2014). Improving this, from 2015, we used TOC-IC to analysis dissolved $CO_2$. Also, we analyzed the $Na_2CO_3$ standard solutions of different concentrations using GC, and confirmed the correlation between the analytical concentrations and the real concentrations. However, because the analytical results of Julong hot spring water were in discord with the estimated values based on this correlation, we can't estimate the $HCO_3{^-}$ concentrations of 2014 samples. During the period of study, $CO_2/CH_4$ in volcanic gases are gradually decreased, and this can be interpreted in two different ways. The first interpretation is that the conditions inside the volcanic edifice are changing into more reduction conditions, and carbon in volcanic gases become more favorable to distribute into $CH_4$ or CO than $CO_2$. The second interpretation is that the interaction between volcanic gases and water becomes greater than past, and the concentrations of $CO_2$ which have much higher solubility in water decreased, relatively. In general, the effect of scrubbing of volcanic gas is strengthened during the quiet periods of volcanic activity rather than active periods. Meanwhile, the analysis of hot spring waters was done on the anion of acidic gases species, the major cation, and some trace elements (As, Cd, Re).

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.112-118
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• 1978

Four domestic frying oils (soybean, corn, rapeseed and rice bran oil) were studied on their changing properties according to thermal oxidation by means of chemical analysis of their compositions and measurements of various physical and chemical properties. The content of linoleic acid which is an essential unsaturated fatty acid and the total amount of unsaturated fatty acids were highest in soybean oil (53.2% and 80.3% respectively) among the unheated frying oils and the degree of its thermal degradation was lowest during the continuous heating period for 48 hours at $180^{\circ}C$. However in general, the contents of unsaturated fatty acids were sharply decreased by thermal oxidation whereas the saturated fatty acid contents ranging 10-17% were not changed considerably, which largely agreed with the results of iodine value measurements. The free acid and peroxide values were also lowest in soybean oil (0.09 and 5.6 respectively) among the unheated oils whereas an anomalously high free acid value was observed in rapeseed oil (54.8) which was packed in unleveled glass bottles. Such a high value is probably ascribed to the photo-catalyzed oxidation during storage. The viscosity measurements have shown similar values before heating, but after thermal oxidation for 32 hours the rapeseed and rice bran oils became too thick to measure viscosity by capillary flow method with heavy darkening in color.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.500-509
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• 2017

This study was conducted from December 2015 to March 2016 to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of baby foods in rural multi-cultural families. The survey included the general characteristics of households and infants, knowledge, attitude, and practice of baby food. The results indicated that the mean score of baby food knowledge was 3.79, 4.07 for attitudes, and the practice group was 25.0%. In the knowledge of baby food, the groups with a total number of two or more children, high educational background for both the father and mother, Chinese or Japanese nationality, high Korean language ability, and marriage for at least 6 or more years was higher (p<0.05). In the attitude of baby food, the groups with a total number of two or more children, a higher mother's Korean language, and the mother in charge of the baby food were higher (p<0.05). In the case of baby food practice, the groups the baby mother was from Japan and Cambodia, there was no occupation, and the mother was in charge of the baby food were higher (p<0.05). Knowledge and attitude according to the practice of baby food showed a higher knowledge (p <0.001) and attitude in the weaning practiced group than unpracticed. To produce baby food for infants in multi-cultural families, it is important to improve the Korean language ability of infant mothers who are in charge of baby food, and it is necessary to provide correct information related to infant formula utilizing the supporters of the neighboring mothers. In addition, it is necessary to provide customized education and support that is contingent upon the nationality of the native people while remaining mindful of the cultural implications of multi-cultural families.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.218-229
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data on smartphone addiction intervention as well as college adaptation education and policy development by confirming the mediating effect of social support in relation to the effect of smartphone addiction on college life adaptation in nursing college students. The subjects of this study were 173 students who agreed to participate in this study among 4-year nursing college students in D city. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, One-way ANOVA, Pearson's Correlation, Hierarchical Multiple Regression, and Sobel test using the SPSS 23.0 statistical program. In the results, the number of subjects showing smartphone addiction was 47 in the high risk group, 29 in the potential risk group, and 97 in the general group, and the average level of adaptation to college life in the smartphone addiction group was statistically lower as the level of addiction increased. The average social support level of the smartphone addiction group was not significant. There was a negative correlation between students' adaptation to college life and smartphone addiction (r=-.34, p<.001) and a positive correlation with social support (r=.38, p<.001). Social support showed a significant negative correlation with smartphone addiction (r=-.17, p=.023). Moreover, social support was partially mediated. Based on the results of the study, it was found that social support and related college policies are needed to improve students' adaptation to college life.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.897-905
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• 1998

Docosahexaenoic acid(DHA), a $\omega$3 series fatty acid and arachidonic acid(AA). a $\omega$6 series fatty acid were found in relatively high concentrations in the phospholipids(PLs) of cell membranes of nerve tissues, and they can be affected by various factors. The present study examined the effects of dietary $\omega$6 and $\omega$3 fatty acid composition on P/M/S and on $\omega$3/$\omega$6 fatty acid ratios in brain PLs of 2nd generation rats. The expeimental diets consisted of 10% fat(by wt), which were computer- searched mixed oil('M') with P/M/S ratio, 1 : 1.4 : 1 and $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratio, 6 : 1 and safflower oil('S') poor in $\omega$3 fatty acids. The experimental diets were started 3-4 wks prior to conception. During the lactation period, the feeding mothers were switched 1 wk after birth and provided the pups for 2 wks with milk which had compositions different from that of their natural mother. The same diet as their mothers was provided from weaning to 9 wks of age. The 'M'and 'S' rats were again subdivided into MM, MS, SS, SM rats according to diet which their lactating mothers were fed from the begining of the experiment. The relative percentage of P/M/S fatty acids in brain PLs in all experimental groups converged to a very similar value at 9 wks of age, indicating the existence of a control mechanism for the degree of fatty acids, unsaturation. The $\omega$3/$\omega$6 fatty acid ratios of brain PLs converged to about 1.0 in MM & SM groups and to 0.7 in SS & MS groups, suggesting also the existence of some balance between $\omega$3 and $\omega$6 fatty acids in developing rat brain. The concentrations of $\omega$3 fatty acids, especially DHA, in the SM group were increased and became similar to those in MM group at 9 wks of age. The increase in DHA of brain PLs was counterbalanced b)r a decrease in 22 5$\omega$6. Therefore, the ratios of 22 : 6$\omega$6/22 : 5$\omega$6 were higher in both MM & SM groups than those of SS & MS groups at 9 wak of age. Although dietary $\omega$3 and $\omega$6 fatty acids affected 22 : 6$\omega$S and 22 : 5$\omega$6 contained in rat brain PLs reciprocally, the relative percentage of AA did not appear to be significantly influenced by the diet in all groups at 9 wks of age, suggesting that a mechanism for the maintenance of a certain level of AA in brain PLs exists. In conclusion, the $\omega$3/$\omega$6 fatty acid and 22 : 6$\omega$3/22 : 5$\omega$6 ratios, but not P/M/S ratio, of rat brain PLs were affected by the postnatal dietary changes. Futher studies are required to clarify the mechanism(S) of ensuring a certain level of DHA and of maintaining a similar level of AA in rat brain PLs after. weaning(9 wk) regardless of prenatal and postnatal dietary changes. (Korean J Nutrition 31(5) : 897-905, 1998)