• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.295-308
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• 2012

This study aimed to investigate gender differences in prevalence and correlates of depression and suicidal ideation among Korean adolescents. The analysis was performed using data from the 2009 Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey. Logistic regression models and Wald chi-square statistics were used to identify the difference in the coefficients between the gender-specific models. Female students reported higher prevalence for depression(42.9%) than male students(31.4%), as well as higher level of suicidal ideation(girls:23.1%, boys:14.7%). Lower school achievement, worse self-rated health status, more conflicts were associated with higher level of depression and suicidal ideation. The impact of school achievement and conflicts with friends on mental health was greater among girls than boys. We suggest that the efficient strategies focusing on the gender differences should be established to improve mental health among Korean adolescents.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.12 no.9
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• pp.7-18
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aims to investigate whether there is a difference in the prevalence of hypertension according to gender, occupational group, and occupational group according to gender. Research design, data, and methodology: This study classified the occupational groups according to the gender of men and women between the ages of 20 and 49 into office workers and non-office workers from the 7th 2017 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 2,691 people were surveyed, including 1,394 office workers and 1,297 non-office workers. Frequency analysis, chi-square, and Independent T-test for distribution difference analysis of categorical variables analysis for occupation and hypertension were applied. Statistical significance was verified at 0.001 to determine the validity analysis. All statistical analyses were performed using the IBM SPSS 24.0 program. Results: The main risk factors for hypertension were gender, age, education, obesity, smoking, drinking, family history, and chronic diseases. There were differences in the prevalence of hypertension among office workers and non-office workers. Conclusions: Men had a higher prevalence of hypertension than women, while non-office workers had a higher prevalence than office workers. In the case of women, non-office workers have a higher prevalence of hypertension than white-collar workers.

• Journal of Family Relations
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.95-122
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to find out the moderating effect of gender between parenting attitude and anger expression of adolescent. Particularly, to ensure that the anger of emotion is common nature, this study was conducted on the middle class adolescent of stable economic status. Method: The subjects of this study were 357 students, first grade from 3 high schools in Seoul. Data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, correlation, and hierarchial regression, using the SPSS 18.0 program. Results: The main results were as follows: First, in parenting attitude the perception of monitoring and affection was less important for boys than girls, but more important in over expectation and neglect. Second, in anger expression the level of anger-control appeared higher than anger-in and anger-out, no significant gender difference in subfactors. Third, the effect of gender moderated the relationships between parenting attitude and anger expression of adolescent. Conclusions: The results indicated the need to recognize gender difference in controlling anger of adolescent and to improve dysfunctional parenting attitude in middle class. Furthermore, the implications were discussed in enhancing parent-adolescent communication, developing emotional education programs, and preventing juvenile delinquency.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2021

While recent acoustic studies have reported associations of fronted sibilants (fricatives /s s⁎/ and affricates /tɕ tɕ⁎/) with gender in Seoul Korean, there have not been any studies examining the relationship of the variants with adult speakers' ages. The current study analyzes sibilant productions from 39 adult speakers born between 1942 and 2008 (19 females) in terms of spectral peak frequencies (SPFs) in frication, an acoustic index of place of articulation (POA). The results indicate some phonetic contexts where higher sibilant SPFs, i.e., fronter POAs, are associated with younger adults and those fronted variants are realized in a gender-differentiated manner -- tense affricates and word-initial tense fricatives before /i/ in the females' productions, and word-medial tense fricatives before /a/ in the males' productions. The findings confirm that the distributions of the fronted sibilants are accounted for not only by the speakers' gender but also by their ages, indicating that the fronted variants are innovative forms of realizing sibilants in Seoul Korean. In addition, the current results convincingly show that the fronted sibilant variants are not mere reflections of individuals' physiological differences since they are not observed across all of the examined phonetic contexts.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2017

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of supplementary verbal encouragement according to the gender on the activation of abdominal muscles during performance of crunch exercise in healthy subjects. METHODS: A Total of 32 healthy subjects (15 male and 17 female) were randomly allocated to two conditions, crunch exercise with Ki-hap and verbal encouragement with same gender (CKVS) and crunch exercise with Ki-hap and verbal encouragement with different gender (CKVD). The interventions were conducted over three trials in each condition, and measurements were performed on each subject by one examiner in three trials. The activation of rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse abdominis muscles were evaluated using electromyography (EMG) during performance of crunch exercise with Ki-hap and verbal encouragement with same gender or different gender, respectively. RESULTS: The results showed that there were no significantly difference in the activation of all abdominal muscles in those of the CKVS compared with the CKVD (p>.05). The results also showed that there were no significantly difference in the ratio of muscle activation at global muscle to that at local muscle between two conditions (p>.05). CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrated that application of the supplementary verbal encouragement by gender does not affect to activate the abdominal muscles of subject to perform a movement, at the same time, it would suggest positive evidence for improving activation of abdominal muscles.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.147-154
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• 2014

Purpose: Gender differences in paediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are frequently reported as a secondary outcome and the results are divergent. To assess gender differences by analysing data collected within the Swiss IBD cohort study database since 2008, related to children with IBD, using the Montreal classification for a systematic approach. Methods: Data on gender, age, anthropometrics, disease location at diagnosis, disease behaviour, and therapy of 196 patients, 105 with Crohn's disease (CD) and 91 with ulcerative or indeterminate colitis (UC/IC) were retrieved and analysed. Results: The crude gender ratio (male : female) of patients with CD diagnosed at <10 years of age was 2.57, the adjusted ratio was 2.42, and in patients with UC/IC it was 0.68 and 0.64 respectively. The non-adjusted gender ratio of patients diagnosed at ${\geq}10$ years was 1.58 for CD and 0.88 for UC/IC. Boys with UC/IC diagnosed <10 years of age had a longer diagnostic delay, and in girls diagnosed with UC/IC >10 years a more important use of azathioprine was observed. No other gender difference was found after analysis of age, disease location and behaviour at diagnosis, duration of disease, familial occurrence of IBD, prevalence of extra-intestinal manifestations, complications, and requirement for surgery. Conclusion: CD in children <10 years affects predominantly boys with a sex ratio of 2.57; the impact of sex-hormones on the development of CD in pre-pubertal male patients should be investigated.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.62-67
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• 2008

Objectives : Gender differences in demographic characteristics, symptom presentation, and severity may influence the selection of target behaviors as well as the course and outcome of therapeutic interventions for patients with social phobia. The purpose of this study was to explore the gender differences in the symptomatic characteristics of Korean patients with social phobia. Methods : A total of 256 outpatients with social phobia at Kangbuk Samsung Hospital were included in this study. All subjects were evaluated using the Korean version of the MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus. Potential differences in demographic characteristics, severity of anxiety, and situational fear and avoidance were examined. Self-report questionnaires and interviewer-administered instruments, including the Social Phobia Scale (SPS), Social Phobia subscale of the Fear Questionnaire (FQ-social), Appraisal of Social Concerns (ASC), and Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS), were used to evaluate the severity of the patients' symptoms. Results : There were no gender differences in demographic characteristics, age, age at onset of social phobia, total SPS score, FQ-Social score, ASC score, and LSAS score. In addition, there was no gender difference in the severity of fear in specific social situations. However, women reported significantly higher total scores on the social helplessness category of the ASC than men (p=0.009). Conclusion : Previous studies reported that the severity of social phobia symptoms is greater in women than in men, but our results suggest that there are no significant gender differences in the severity of social phobia symptoms. Thus, gender differences among patients with social phobia are discussed in the context of traditional sex-role expectations.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.13-25
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• 2002

This is a study of care-oriented morality and justice-oriented morality among middle-aged adults. Thirty seven males and forty six females between the ages of 45 and 59 years old participated in this study Care-oriented morality was measured by the Ethic of Care Interview(ECI) while the justice-oriented morality was assessed using the Korean Defining Issues Test(DIT). Sex role identification was interpreted by using the Korean Sex Role Inventory(KSRI). In terms of care-oriented morality, the majority of the subjects were at level 2. The P(%) score of justice-oriented morality was found to be a little low. We found a significant difference between genders in terms of care-oriented morality, with females exhibiting a higher care-oriented morality. However, there was no significant difference in sex role identity types in terms of care-oriented morality. Nor did we find a significant interaction effect between gender and sex role identity. There was no gender difference in justice-oriented morality, but there was a significant difference among sex role identity types. Masculine males Possess the highest justice-oriented morality. A significant interaction effect was found to exist between sex role identity and gender.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of the study is to investigate the relationship between the number of remaining teeth and depression in Korean adults. Methods: The subjects were the respondents of the Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(KNHANES). The questionnaire consisted of the general characteristics of the subjects, number of remaining teeth, and prevalence of depression. relationship of the prevalence of depression and the number of remaining teeth. The data were analyzed by chi-square test, t-test, and logistic regression using SPSS, and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results: There was a significant difference in number of remaining teeth and odds ratio(OR) was 1.940(95% confidence interval: 1.062-3.544). Statistically significant difference was not observed after adjusting for age and gender and OR was 1.515(95% confidence interval: 0.823-2.787). And Statistically significant difference was not observed after adjusting for age, gender and other variables. The OR was 1.399(95% confidence interval: 0.757-2.586). Conclusions: Depression in the adults was related to the number of remaining teeth. But there was no significant difference in the number of remaining teeth after adjusted for age, gender, and other factors.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.407-416
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• 2005