• Korean Journal of Artificial Intelligence
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.5-12
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• 2019

The study is to identify the factors influencing Chinese consumers' intentions to purchase organic food based on Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) model. This research concentrates on the moderating effect of gender during the process. An offline investigation was used for the research purpose. Data for the study was gathered from February to March 2018. The total of 260 valid responses was used for this analysis. An online questionnaire was distributed through Email to Chinese consumers living in major cities of China and abroad to collect the data. Multi group analysis and model comparison were conducted to examine the moderating effect of gender. Our results support previous researches suggesting that gender moderates the relationship between attitude and behavioral intention. However, surprisingly, no significant moderating effect of gender on the relationship between subjective norms and behavioral intention was found. This paper revisited TPB antecedents and the moderating effect of gender focusing on Chinese organic food markets. The findings provide essential managerial implications to the marketers in this industry. Further research could examine whether TPB model can be applied to other potential purchasing groups.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.25-34
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• 2017

Objectives: Although the number of the oldest-old is rapidly increasing due to longevity, very little is known about the trajectory of depressive symptoms(DS) and its related factors among the oldest-old. Much less is known about whether the trajectory of DS differs by gender among the oldest-old. The current study aims (1) to estimate the trajectory of DS and (2) to examine whether the trajectory differs by gender among the oldest-old. Methods: Sample consists of 296 persons aged 85 and over who participated in the Korean Welfare Panel Study data. Data were processed using the latent growth curve modeling to estimate the trajectory and multi-group SEM to examine gender difference. Results: This study showed that (1) the trajectory of DS was increasing over time and (2) the DS trajectory of males was much more rapidly increasing than that of females, indicating male oldest old are more vulnerable to depression than female oldest old in later life. Conclusions: Given the fact that females are known to be more vulnerable to depression, the findings are counterintuitive to the previous knowledge on depression and gender difference. Based on the findings, implications for intervention and education related to DS among the oldest-old.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.342-350
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was done to identify the awareness of gender equality among nursing college students, and to provide basic data for educational solutions and desirable directions. Methods: A Q-methodology which provides a method of analyzing the subjectivity of each item was used. 34 selected Q-statements from each of 20 women nursing college students were classified into a shape of normal distribution using 9-point scale. Subjectivity on the equality among genders was analyzed by the pc-QUANL program. Results: Four types of awareness of gender equality in nursing college students were identified. The name for type I was 'pursuit of androgyny', for type II, 'difference-recognition', for type III, 'human-relationship emphasis', and for type IV, 'social-system emphasis'. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that different approaches to educational programs on gender equality are recommended for nursing college students based on the four types of gender equality awareness.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.195-212
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• 2004

This research is based on the survey of welfare beneficiaries, aiming to set up the gender-equal welfare policies. Through the survey, this research examines status of women in the family and society and also examines, the degree of perception of women's welfare policies, needs, and satisfaction. According to the survey results, the current welfare policies that are limited to needy women should expand its range, enforcing the infra structure. That employment policy for women turned out to be very important in welfare policies. Demand for more enlarged welfare policies is quite high, especially in housing, employment and elderly care. On the contrary, the degree of satisfaction degree appears quite low because of unrealistic welfare program and benefits. In order to improve the welfare policies, more active and realistic employment policies should be emphasized with the proper support for family life. To raise the status of women, proper policies for women's economic independence should be set up. In addition, consciousness of gender equality should be encouraged in the whole society. Also, women's participation in politics and decision-making process is necessary.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.57-69
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• 2013

This study investigates Korean high school student's perception of sexual harassment and relative effects of victim's clothing, dating behavior and respondent's gender on perceptions of alleged sexual harassment cases. A quasi-experimental method was applied using a $2{\times}2{\times}2$ between-subjects factorial design that manipulated three variables (clothing exposure, dating behavior, and gender). Questionnaires were distributed to a convenience sample of 540 high school students and 530 questionnaires were used for the data analysis. The results indicate that the victim's clothing and dating behavior had a significant main effect on the responsibility for sexual harassment. The respondent put less responsibility on the assailant when the victim wore revealing clothing and when her dating behavior was provocative. The significant interaction effect between the respondents' gender and the victim's dating behavior indicated that when the victim's behavior was provocative, female respondents held more responsible to victim than male respondents did. The results also indicate that victim's clothing, dating behavior, and respondent's gender had significant main effect on the justification of sexual harassment. The respondents indicated that assailant's behavior is unjustifiable; however, when victim more revealing clothing, they indicated that the behavior is more justifiable.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.43-54
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• 2010

This study examines the factors related to university students' positive beliefs about the consequences of maternal employment. A total of 338 university students in Seoul, Gyeong-gi, and Kyungnam area provided information about their socio-economic background, parents' employment history, achievement motivation, and gender egalitarian attitude. A two-way analysis of variance showed significant interaction effects of gender and grade on positive beliefs about the consequences of maternal employment. Multiple regression analyses by gender indicated that factors related with university students' positive beliefs about the consequences of maternal employment may differ by gender. For male students, grade, and socio-cultural gender egalitarian attitude were significantly related to positive beliefs about the consequences of maternal employment. For female students, grade, family monthly income, mother's employment during elementary school, and achievement motivation were related with positive beliefs about the consequences of maternal employment.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.113-121
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• 2012

Objectives: This study examined the trends in gender disparity in the self-rated health of people aged 25 to 64 in South Korea, a rapidly changing society, with specific attention to socio-structural inequality. Methods: Representative sample data were obtained from six successive, nationwide Social Statistics Surveys of the Korean National Statistical Office performed during 1992 to 2010. Results: The results showed a convergent trend in poor self-rated health between genders since 1992, with a sharper decline in gender disparity observed in younger adults (aged 25 to 44) than in older adults (aged 45 to 64). The diminishing gender gap seemed to be attributable to an increase in women;s educational attainment levels and to their higher status in the labor market. Conclusions: The study indicated the importance of equitable social opportunities for both genders for understanding the historical trends in the gender gap in the self-reported health data from South Korea.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.20-25
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• 2012

Gender differences have been studied by using spectral features such as median frequency (MDF) respectively. MDF is the most commonly used as a feature to describe muscle conduction velocity. The aim of this paper is to detect gender differences from surface EMG signals during isotonic contractions of the bicep Brachii. Eight volunteers participated in surface EMG recordings placed on the biceps brachii and each recording experiment continued until their exhaustion. We used feature values and regressive slopes and compared the feature changes from the onset to the endurance time to find gender differences. The result of experiments shows that the regressive slope of these features is valid to measure gender differences.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.7 no.7
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• pp.1705-1720
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• 2013

Human face gender recognition requires fast image processing with high accuracy. Existing face gender recognition methods used traditional local features and machine learning methods have shortcomings of low accuracy or slow speed. In this paper, a new framework for face gender recognition to reach fast face gender recognition is proposed, which is based on Local Ternary Pattern (LTP) and Extreme Learning Machine (ELM). LTP is a generalization of Local Binary Pattern (LBP) that is in the presence of monotonic illumination variations on a face image, and has high discriminative power for texture classification. It is also more discriminate and less sensitive to noise in uniform regions. On the other hand, ELM is a new learning algorithm for generalizing single hidden layer feed forward networks without tuning parameters. The main advantages of ELM are the less stringent optimization constraints, faster operations, easy implementation, and usually improved generalization performance. The experimental results on public databases show that, in comparisons with existing algorithms, the proposed method has higher precision and better generalization performance at extremely fast learning speed.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.1107-1118
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• 2007

This study explored the consistency of bullying, victimization and aggressive victimization, the relationships between bullying, victimization and aggressive victimization and overt/relational aggression, and the relationships between bullying groups and overt/relational aggression with gender. The subjects were 4th grade children and 2 years later they were contacted again. Instruments were the Bully-Behavior Scale, the Peer-Victimization Scale and the Peer Nomination Instrument. Bullying, victimization and aggressive victimization were decreased while there were consistencies in overt and relational aggression from 4th to 6th grade. In the correlation analysis, male victims at Time 1 were negatively related to overt and relational aggression at both Time 1 and Time 2. Female bullies were positively related to relational aggression at both Time 1 and Time 2. In the cross-sectional relations of overt aggression with bullying groups, there was a gender difference. In the relational aggression with bullying groups, only bullying groups had a significant difference. In the longitudinal relations of overt aggression with bullying groups, only gender had a significant difference. Males appeared to be more overtly aggressive than females. In the relational aggression, bullying groups, gender, and the interaction between bullying groups and gender had significant differences. Female bullies were more likely to be relationally aggressive than other groups.