• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.289-294
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• 2012

This study was conducted from April 2012 to June 2012 to analyze breeding status of Black woodpeckers (Dryocopus martius) in the Gayasan National Park. Nest height, tree diameter which a nest built and altitude at the nest site of Black woodpeckers were 17.4 m, 63.8 cm and 587 m, respectively. A pair of Black woodpeckers completed a clutch in 4 eggs on 7 May and 3 of eggs hatched on 24 May 2012. Both female and male incubated eggs and never left eggs without one of parents. A male more contributed to build a nest than a female. Incubation duration was higher in a male than in a female. Nestlings made a begging call in a nest during the growing period. Begging frequency of nestlings increased from 11 days up to 20 days after hatching. After then, nestlings reduced begging and fledged a nest 24 days after hatching. This study provided information of breeding ecology to protect and manage population of Black woodpeckers which are endangered species in South Korea.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.33-48
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• 2021

We investigated the bryophyte flora of the Gayasan Mountain National Park in Korea by conducting 18 field surveys in from April of 2009 to November of 2016 at various sites on the mountains. During the surveys, we discovered 204 taxa comprising 57 families, 106 genera, 199 species, 2 subspecies, and 3 varieties. Among these, 145 species were reported as new to the flora of Gayasan Mountain. A checklist based on a study of 903 specimens is provided. The most notable species recorded during the surveys were the rare bryophytes Hattoria yakushimensis (Horik.) R. M. Schust., Nipponolejeunea pilifera (Steph.) S. Hatt., Drepanolejeunea angustifolia (Mitt.) Grolle, Lejeuena otiana S. Hatt., Cylindrocolea recurvifolia (Steph.) Inoue and Pogonatum contortum (Menzies ex Brid.) Lesq.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.1049-1057
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• 2018

This study aims to analyze and compare environmental attitudes of interest groups, including visitors, local residents, Buddhist monks, and staff of the Korea National Park Service in Gayasan National Park. To achieve this purpose, five hypotheses were formulated and tested. While three hypotheses were statistically rejected, two were accepted. In every interest group, the environmental attitude level of women was higher than that of men. Local residents particularly showed statistically significant differences in accordance with occupation. The difference in environmental attitude between visitors and local residents was not statistically significant. Finally, the environmental attitude level between interest groups was divided into three groups. The staff of the Korea National Park Service showed the highest level of environmental attitude, followed by Buddhist monks, and a group of visitors and residents recorded the lowest. However, the average level of environmental attitude of every interest group scored above the mid-point of 3. Therefore, it can be concluded that there exists no difference between or conflicts among interest groups related to strengthening conservation and management policies regarding the protection of Gayasan National Park.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.385-392
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• 2021

The fungi play important roles in maintaining the balance and homeostasis of natural ecosystems. We investigated fungal specimens indigenous to the Gayasan National Park located in the deep inlands of southeastern Korea from 2017-2020. Six fungal species in the Korean macromycota-Chiua olivaceoreticulata, Entoloma conchatum, Galerina sulciceps, Hebeloma radicosoides, Spongiporus gloeoporus, and Tricholoma sinoacerbum-were identified based on morphological characteristics and rDNA sequences. The six fungal speices were newly revealed on the Korean Peninsula, and it supports that the continuous investigaton is the best way to realize the mycosis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.109-130
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• 2013

This study is to offer the raw data for conservation and restoration of national park by surveying and analysing the vascular plants in the Gayasan national park. The flora were summarized as 102 families, 328 genera, 469 species, 4 subspecies, 59 varieties and 9 forms. The endangered plants designated by Ministry of Environment were 2 taxa; Pedicularis hallaisanensis Hurus. and Gymnadenia conopsea for. albiflora Y.N.Lee. The rare plants designated by Korea Forest Service were 13 taxa; Crypsinus hastatus (Thunb.) Copel., Ligusticum tachiroei (Franch. & Sav.) M. Hiroe & Constance, Primula modesta var. fauriae (Franch.) Takeda, Lilium distichum Nakai ex Kamibay and so forth. The korean endemic plants were 15 taxa; Betula ermanii Cham., Carpinus laxiflora (Siebold & Zucc.) Blume, Stewartia pseudocamellia Maxim., Galium koreanum (Nakai) Nakai, Heloniopsis koreana Fuse, N.S. Lee & M.N. Tamura and so forth. The specific plants by floristic region were 66 taxa; Betula chinensis Maxim., Spiraea fritschiana Schneid., Vaccinium hirtum var. koreanum (Nakai) Kitam., Cimicifuga heracleifolia Kom., Adoxa moschatellina L. and so forth. The plants with approval for delivering oversea were 22 taxa; Salix hallaisanensis H.L$\acute{e}$v., Sanguisorba argutidens Nakai, Viola albida Palib., Weigela subsessilis (Nakai) L.H.Bailey and so forth. The naturalized plants were 30 taxa; Chenopodium album L., Lepidium apetalum Willd., Trifolium pratense L., Bidens frondosa L., Helianthus tuberosus L. and so forth.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.115-121
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• 2017

This study estimated potential natural vegetation in Gayasan National Park through the occurrence probability distribution by using geographic information system (GIS). in Gayasan National Park. Correlation and factor analysis were analyzed to estimate probability distribution. The presence of the Gaya National Park Vegetation survey results showed that 128 communities were distributed. The analyzed relationship between actual vegetation and distribution factors such as elevation, aspect, slope, topographic index, annual mean temperature, warmth index and potential evapotranspiration in Gayasan national park. The probability distribution of potential natural vegetation communities at least 0.3 odds were the advent of Pinus densiflora communities with the highest 55.80%, Quercus mongolica community is 44.05%, 0.09% is Quercus acutissima communities, Quercus variabilis communities are found to be 0.06%. If you want to limit the factors that affect the distribution of vegetation by factors presented in this study, the potential natural vegetation of the Gaya National Park was expected to appear in Quercus mongolica community (43.1%) and Pinus densiflora communities (56.9%).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.281-288
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution status and environmental index of the naturalized plants and exotic plants In the 16 sites in Gayasan National Park from March to October 2004. The exotic plants were recorded as 88 taxa, 39 families, 72 genera, 82 species, 5 varieties and 1 form. The naturalized plants among the exotic plants were certified as 47 taxa. The Naturalized Ratio (NR) was 4.06% and the Urbanization Index (UI) was 17,74% in area of Gayasan National Park. The naturalized plants were distributed around the region that had accepted artificial disturbance however, it was so difficult to identify distribution of naturalized plants in the conserved area as well as natural vegetation without artificial turbulence. The naturalized plants appeared as almost all speciesas 37 taxa (72%) which both originated from Europe and North America. Although a national degree for integrated management plans of exotic plants is needed, distribution and steady management of exotic plants in Gayasan National Park are playing an important role in conservation and protection of natural species.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.383-399
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• 2018

In the present study, the community distribution, functional feeding groups, and habitat groups of the benthic macroinvertebrates from Gayasan National Park were investigated at eight different sites from 2015 to 2016. The correlation between habitat altitude and each group type was analyzed statistically. Biodiversity indices, including dominance, diversity, richness, and evenness indices, were calculated. The results showed a total of 4,216 individual benthic macroinvertebrates were collected, including 4 phyla, 6 classes, 16 orders, 40 families, and 100 species. Gammarus sobaegensis was dominant with 0.141% dominance, and the subdominant species was Epeorus nipponicus with 0.088% dominance. The EPT group(Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Tricoptera) accounted for 71.00% of the total species and 67.69% of the total individuals. The number of scraper species was highest, and the number of gathering collector individuals was highest among functional feeding groups. The individual number of scrapers(r=-0.358, p < 0.05) and gathering collectors(r=-0.343, p < 0.05) decreased with increasing altitude. The numbers of species and individuals of clingers and sprawlers were highest among the habitat groups. The individual number of clingers(r=-0.547, p < 0.01) and burrowers(r=-0.331, p < 0.05) significantly decreased with increasing altitude. The diversity and richness indices were higher in St. 3 than in the other sites. The dominance index was highest in St. 2, and the evenness index was highest in St. 7. We evaluated the biological water quality with several known methods, and concluded that ESB(Ecological score of benthic macrovertebrates community) and GPI(Group polution index) were more suitable than KSI(Korean saprobic index) and BMI (Benthic macrovertebrate index) to assess the biological water quality of Gayasan mountain stream water.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.10a
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• pp.63-63
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• 2018

Ethnobotanical knowledge on native plants is critical on the conservation and management of biological resources. We investigated traditional knowledge of ethnobotanical uses in the Mt. Gayasan National Park area. Interviews were carried out to 189 residents at 176 places, and verified species and usage information was categorized by taxonomic groups, usage, and used parts. The ethnobotanical species of the regions consisted of a total of 275 taxa in 91 families including 105 cultivars. Sunflower family (Asteraceae) is the most widely used family with 30 taxa (7 cultivars). Rose family (Rosaceae, 25 taxa with 11 cultivars), Bean family (Fabaceae, 15 taxa with 11 cultivars), Grass family (Poaceae, 15 taxa with 10 cultivars), and Lily family (Liliaceae, 14 taxa with 4 cultivars) followed. About 50 taxa belong to the Approved Species for Delivering Overseas designated by Korea Ministry of Environment, and six Korean endemic taxa have been traditionally valuable in the regions. Many cultivated species have been utilized for various purposes accompanied local and native plants. The main usage of the plants are edible (175 taxa) and medicinal (168 taxa). Leaves are most commonly used parts (105 taxa), followed by stems (93 taxa), fruits (73 taxa), roots (55 taxa), and wholes (54 taxa). The study does not only provides examples of traditional uses of native plants, but also facilitates conservation of natural resources and sustainable developments of ethnobotanical knowledge for the contemporary human society.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.167-175
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• 2017

We conducted a total of 28 surveys from March to October 2016 in Gayasan National Park, to identify threatened plants for climate change, as well as for the effective management of biological organisms and resources against climate changes in Korea. Regarding threatened plants for climate change, we identified a total of 39 taxa, with 11 northern, 2 southern, and 26 taxa of concern. Among these taxa, 33 were identified as wild species. The species threatened by climate change located in the subalpine regions of Gayasan National Park were Abies holophylla Maxim., Abies koreana Wilson, Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc., Betula ermanii Cham., Berberis amurensis Rupr., Rhododendron tschonoskii Maxim., Vaccinium hirtum var. koreanum (Nakai) Kitam., Primula modesta var. hannasanensis T.Yamaz., Trientalis europaea var. arctica (Fisch.) Ledeb., Thymus quinquecostatus Celak., Parasenecio firmus (Kom.) Y.L.Chen, and Lilium cernuum Kom. These species are expected to be particularly vulnerable to the effects of global warming, since they were confirmed to have a very narrow vertical distribution range. Moreover, although the following species are not included in the list of plants threatened by climate change, it is assumed that the endemic species that grow at the summit, and Grade V floristics special plants, such as Pedicularis hallaisanensis Hurus., Allium thunbergii var. deltoides (S.O.Yu, S.Lee & W.Lee) H.J.Choi & B.U.Oh, Heloniopsis tubiflora Fuse, N.S.Lee & M.N. Tamura, Aletris glabra Bureau & Franch, and Gymnadenia cucullata (L.) Rich., will also be extremely vulnerable to climate change. Therefore, we believe that measures for the conservation of these species are urgently needed, and also that the definition of species threatened by climate change should be broadened to include more objective and valid taxa through the long-term monitoring of species distributed around the summit area.