• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.17 no.E3
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• pp.101-107
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• 2001

Source profiles were developed for a total of 45 volatile organic compounds (VOC) that can be emitted from gasoline evaporation. The gasoline samples of five major brands (for each season) were blended on the basis of the market share in Seoul area and analyzed by a GC-MS/FID system. In addition, we calculated gasoline evaporative compositions using the Raoult's law from the liquid gasoline compositions. The measured and estimated gasoline vapor compositions agree well each other. As a group, alkanes are the most abundant in the gasoline vapors profiles (77.4% on average), followed by alkenes (19.1%), and aromatics (1.7%). As a specie in gasoline vapor, i-pentane is the most abundant, followed by n-butane, n-pentane, i-butane, trans-and cis-2-butenes, 2-methyl-2-butene, and trans-and cis-2-pentenes . It was also seen that aromatic content was much lower in the vapor phase compositions. From the comparison between experimental and calculated compositions, we identified the fact that once the gasoline vapor composition is reliably constructed entirely from the measured gasoline composition and the Raoult's law calculations, the need for doing separate chemical analyses of the gasoline vapor can be reduced.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.156-165
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible effects of a gasoline vapor recovery system on personal exposure levels of gasoline vapor constituents including benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylene(BTEX), and methyl tert-butyl ether(MTBE) among gas station workers in a metropolitan area. Methods: Thirty-one gas station workers at ten gas stations in a metropolitan area were selected as subjects for this study. Test method PV2028 as recommended in the OSHA process was used for sampling and analysis. Results: The personal exposure levels of benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylene, MTBE and gasoline vapor in the gas station workers were $0.0018{\pm}0.0069ppm$, $0.0077{\pm}0.0137ppm$, $0.0002{\pm}0.0008ppm$, $0.0016{\pm}0.0084ppm$, $0.2619{\pm}0.3340ppm$, and $1.4940{\pm}1.7984ppm$, respectively. After adjustment for refueling frequency and volume, personal exposure levelswere higher in the gas stations where gasoline vapor recovery systems(Stage II) were not installed, but the results were not statistically significant. Gasoline vapor concentrations showed a positive correlation to the level of MTBE, a gasoline additive. Conclusions: Vapor recovery systems(Stage II) were effective not only in reducing emissions of air pollutants, but also in reducing exposure to hazardous substances among gas station workers. In addition, acorrelation between gasoline vapors and MTBE concentration was confirmed.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.233-240
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• 2001

The composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was anlyzed for major emission sources such as vehicle exhaust, gasoline and diesel vapor, organic solvent vapor, and butane fuel gas. Low carbon-numbered hydrocarbons were found to be the dominant components of gasoline vehicle exhaust. In gasoline evaporative vapor, the predominant constituents were found to be butane and iso-pentane regardless of ambient air temperature. In case of diesel evaporative vapor was similar to those of gasoline evaporative vapor. The composition of organic solvent vapor from painting, ink and petroleum consisted mostly or aromatic compounds such as toluene and m, p, o-xylene. The hydrocarbon fraction of butane fuel gas. which is used by portable bunner, consisted mainly of propane (34%) and butane(70%).

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.9
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• pp.1593-1600
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• 2014

Adsorption and desorption characteristics of the representative 10 kinds components consisting of gasoline vapor on activated carbon were investigated at the temperature range of $-30^{\circ}C{\sim}25^{\circ}C$. The breakthrough curves of each vapors obtained by the Thomas model were well described the breakthrough experimental results of this study. The breakthrough times of each vapors were correlated with the molecular weight, density, and vapor pressure. The breakthrough times had greater correlation with boiling point than molecular weight and density. The slope of the breakthrough curve was a proportional relationship with the rate constant (k) of Thomas model expression. The higher the slope of the breakthrough curve, the rate constant was larger. The biggest slope vapor had the smallest adsorption capacity ($q_e$). Adsorption and desorption characteristics of mixed vapor similar to the gasoline vapor were studied at room temperature ($25^{\circ}C$). The mixed vapor consisting of 9 components; group A (pentane, hexene, hexane), group B (benzene, toluene), group C (octane, ethylbenzene, xylene, nonane) was examined. Group A was not nearly adsorbed because of substitution by group C, and the desorption capacity of group A was smaller than group C. The adsorbed substances were confirmed to be Group C.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.152-159
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• 2014

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the excretion aspect of urinary t, t-MA and hippuric acid by measuring concentrations of urinary metabolites according to the use of gasoline vapor recovery system. Materials:In order to analyze urinary metabolites, samples from the 23 gas station workers ten gas stations in the Seoul and Gyeonggi Province area were collected once daily after work. In addition, a survey was conducted on work factors and lifestyle habits as factors affecting the concentration of urinary metabolites. Results: The average concentrations of t, t-MA and hippuric acid after work were $0.124{\pm}0.177mg/g$ creatinine and $0.557{\pm}0.251g/g$ creatinine among workers at gas stations where gasoline vapor recovery systems were installed. The average concentrations of t, t-MA and hippuric acid were $0.160{\pm}0.113mg/g$ creatinine and $0.682{\pm}0.619g/g$ creatinine among workes at gas stations where gasoline vapor recovery systems were not installed. Average concentrations were higher at gas stations where a gasoline vapor recovery system was not installed, but the differences were not statistically significant differences. Urinary t, t-MA and hippuric acid average concentrations of smokers and non-smokers were higher in the gas stations where gasoline a vapor recovery system was not installed. T, t-MA as a factor evaluation affecting the concentration of urinary metabolites was not statistically significant in all factors, while hippuric acid was statistically significant only for age(p=0.024). Conclusions: The average concentrations of urinary t, t-MA and hippuric acid were higher in gas stations where gasoline vapor recovery systems were not installed compared to gas stations where such a system was installed. There needs to be an assessment of biological monitoring according to refueling activity considering skin absorption of benzene and toluene and presence of gasoline vapor recovery system.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.1-6
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• 2012

Recently the government declared an all-out war on bogus fuel in order to crack down on tax evasion and ensure fuel safety. The move came after four people were killed in explosion at the two gas station. Illegally processed gasoline is the only one of low grade fuels. The problems are induced by relatively high vapor pressure of bogus fuel.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.1-8
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• 1999

The concentration and spatial distribution of vapor phases in DI (Direct Injection) gasoline spray were measured quantitatively by exciplex fluorescence method. Fluorobenzene and DEMA (diethylmethylamine) in a solution of hexane were used as the exciplex-forming dopants. The fluorescence intensity of vapor phase were obtained by ICCD camera with the appropriate filter The relationship between fluorescence intensity and vapor concentration was induced fer the purpose of a quantitative analysis. The 2-D vapor/liquid images of fuel spray were captured under the evaporation condition, and the spatial distribution of vapor concentration was obtained. The spatial distribution of liquid phase had hollow-cone shape. And the vapor phase was widely distributed in the whole spray. The behavior of vapor phase was significantly affected by second flow such as entrainment, vortex, while that of liquid phase was scarcely affected.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.23-30
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• 2002

This present study experimentally investigates the behavior of liquid and vapor phase of fuel mixtures with changing the in-cylinder air motion in an optically accessible engine. The conventional MPI/DOHC engine was modified to gasoline direct injection engine with swirl motion. The images of liquid and vapor phases were captured in the motoring operation condition using exciplex fluorescence method. Two dimensional spray fluorescence images of liquid and vapor phases were acquired to analyze spray behaviors and fuel distribution inside of cylinder respectively, In early injection timings $(BTDC\;270^{\circ},\;180^{\circ})$, tumble flow transported most of vapor phase to the lower region and the both sides of cylinder, so vapor phase didn't become uniform distribution up to the half of the compression stroke. In the case of swirl flow, the fuel mixture was confined near the swirl origin in upper region of cylinder. In late injection timings $(BTDC\;90^{\circ})$, tumble flow transported vapor phase to the intake valve and swirl flow to the exhaust valve.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.487-496
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to develop the preliminary source fingerprints of volatile organic compounds (VOC). The source categories studied were vehicles, gasoline vapor, gasoline storage tank, coating, dry cleaning and road covering. The source samples were collected using 6L electro-polished stainless steel canisters for about 20 seconds. From this study, the main component emitted from VOC sources in Korea was toluene. The toluene proportion for road covering, vehicles, coating and gasoline vapor were 35, 18, 16 and 5%, respec- tively. The C$_2$-C$\sub$5/ alkane and alkene compounds were mainly emitted from vehicles, gasoline vapor and gasoline storage tank. The main compounds of coating were m/p-xylene(34%), toluene(16%), 1,2,4-TMB(10%) and o-xylene(9%), which are aromatic hydrocarbons. In the case of dry cleaning, nonane(41%), 1,2,4-TMB (22%) and 1,3,5-TMB(13%) were mainly emitted.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.1131-1139
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• 2013

Desorption characteristics of VOCs were investigated for the effective recovery of gasoline vapor. The adsorption capacity and desorption capacity were excellent at relatively low temperatures. The differences in the desorption capacity were not large in the condition; desorption temperature $25^{\circ}C$, desorption pressure 760 mmHg, inlet air flow rate 0.5 L/min, but were relatively great in the condition; desorption temperature $0^{\circ}C$, desorption pressure 60 mmHg, inlet air flow rate 1.0 L/min. The desorption ability of pentane was increased to about 81.4%, and the desorption ability of hexane was increased to about 102%, also the desorption ability of toluene was increased to about 156.7% by changes of temperature, pressure, inlet air flow rate in the experimental conditions. The optimum desorption condition for the effective recovery of VOCs was in the conditions; desorption temperature $0^{\circ}C$, desorption pressure 60 mmHg, inlet air flow rate 1.0 L/min.